Decmber 58 2014 Click me Traumatic Brain Injury TBI Leading cause of accidental death among all people in US 17 million experience TBI each year causing 52000 deaths each year ID: 682117
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Brain Injury and Parasympathetic vs Sympathetic nervous system
Decmber 5-8, 2014
Click me!Slide2
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Leading cause of accidental death among all people in US1.7 million experience TBI each year…
… causing ~52,000 deaths each yearLeading cause of all
death and disability
among US children ~500,000 children visit ER with TBI each yearSlide3
Causes of Brain InjuryFalls & car accidents are leading causes
Sports-related are grouped in the struck/by againstImportant to understand that the damage is caused not just by the blow, but also by the brain bouncing back and forth against the skullSlide4
Types of Traumatic Brain Injury
Concussion – Mild injury (though still serious)
Widespread, microscopic damage (such as severing of connections between neurons)SymptomsDizziness, nausea, inability to concentrate, memory difficulties, sensitivity to light or
sound, mood changes, sleep
changesTreatmentRest from physical and mental
activity
VERY IMPORTANT TO
PREVENT SECONDARY
IMPACT!
Full recovery (??) in a few days to a few weeksSlide5
Types of Traumatic Brain Injury
Contusion – Localized tissue bruising / destructionOften occurs with
cerebral hematoma (extensive bleeding in the brain) Often causes
cerebral edema
(brain swelling), which can be
fatal if the pressure isn’t relieved
Symptoms
Same as concussion, but more often
include loss of
conscioussness
,
slurred speech, vomitingCan be seen on MRI / CT
CT scan – white areas are contusions
More likely to cause permanent loss of function or deathSlide6
Types of Traumatic Brain Injury
Misconception alert!A contusion is not simply a more severe concussion. You can have a concussion, or a contusion, or both.Slide7
Cerebrovascular Accident (aka stroke)
3rd leading cause of death in USLoss of blood flow to brain due to clot or bleeding in the brain
Brain tissue dies due to lack of oxygenTreatment involves restoring blood flow through anticoagulants, blood thinners, shunts, etc.
Long-term effects depend on location, size/degree of blockage, and speed of treatmentSlide8
Turn & talk
The scenario...A semi-conscious young woman is brought to the hospital by friends after falling from a roof. She did not lose consciousness immediately, and she was initially lucid. After a while, though, she became confused and then unresponsive.
QuestionsWhat is a likely explanation for her condition?
What test(s) would you do?
What treatment(s) might be necessary?
What is her prognosis?Slide9
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic Divisions
The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are part of the autonomic nervous system.
What is that? The system that sends directions to the glands, smooth muscles, and cardiac musclesSlide10
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic Divisions
The two divisions control the same organs but create opposite effects.
Sympathetic
Prepares body to deal with threatening situations
Allows maximal physical and mental performance.
“Fight or flight”
Parasympathetic
Occurs in the absence of demanding situations
Conserves energy and maintains body
“Rest and Digest”Slide11Slide12
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic Divisions
Misconception alert!We are not usually in “sympathetic mode” or “parasympathetic mode” … rather, our body constantly uses the two types of neurons to maintain homeostasis (e.g. raising or lowering heartbeat, increasing or decreasing digestion, as needed).Slide13
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic Divisions
If SD and PD are both motor neurons, connecting in many cases to the same organs, HOW do they create opposite effects?
Through the release of different neurotransmitters.Sympathetic neurons release norepinephrineParasympathetic neurons release acetylcholineSlide14
ClosureWhat were our objectives, and what did you learn about them. What was our learner profile trait and how did we exemplify it?
How does what we did today address our unit question?Slide15
Exit Ticket
A bruise on the brain is called aConcussion C. ContusionHematoma D. Edema
Headache, difficulty concentrating, and nausea are symptoms ofConcussion only
Contusion only
Stroke only
Both concussion and contusionSlide16
Exit Ticket
Anticoagulants and blood thinners are treatments forConcussion onlyContusion only
Stroke onlyBoth concussion and contusionSlide17
Exit Ticket
Sympathetic (S) or Parasympathetic (P)?Fight or flightDilation of bronchi
6. Release of norepinepherine
-1 = 95
-2 = 85
-3 = 75-4 or more = 70