Do Now Farmers Activity India is a subcontinent in South Asia The Himalaya Mountains separate India From China This is a photograph of the famous Khyber Pass This valley allowed ID: 725002
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Slide1
AIM: How did the geography of India impact the development of early Indian civilizations?
Do Now:
Farmer’s ActivitySlide2
India is a
subcontinent
in South Asia.Slide3
The
Himalaya Mountains
separate India
From China.Slide4
This is a photograph of the famous
Khyber Pass
. This valley allowed
travelers to enter India.Slide5
India also experiences the
monsoon
.
The monsoons are winds that bring
rains.Slide6
The
Indus River
is an important river in
Indian history. It was the birthplace of
South Asia
’
s earliest civilization.Slide7
The
Ganges River
is an important river in
India. It is a sacred or holy river for Hindus.Slide8
The Indus River begins in the Himalayas.
When the snows melt, the river floods.Slide9
The Indus river allowed people to farm.
It made
irrigation
and transportation
possible. A great civilization developed
in the Indus river valley. Slide10
Harappan Civilization
The early civilization that developed in the Indus river valley is frequently referred to as
Harappan
civilization.
2 Important Cities = Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
3000 B.C.ESlide11
This ruin reveals the careful planning of
the Indus river city of Harappa.Slide12
The buildings of Mohenjo-Daro were also
carefully planned.Slide13
This hole and drain suggest that indoor
bathrooms and toilets may have existed.Slide14
Urban Planning
Urban planning refers to the careful planning of a city.Slide15
Harappan civilization had writing. However,
archaeologists are still deciphering it.Slide16
This map reveals the location of Harappan
civilization.Slide17
Harappan
civilization began around
3000 B.C.E.Slide18
The cities were surrounded by walls.
Walls were used to protect the inhabitants
of the cities.Slide19
Harappan civilization declined around
1500 B.C. It is possible that the monsoon
failed or an earthquake occurred.Slide20
The AryansSlide21Slide22Slide23Slide24
Priests
Warriors
Peasants/Traders
Laborers/CraftsmenSlide25
The Aryans
1500-250 BC
Indo-European Migrations
Nomads: someone who moves from place to place in search for food.
From the Steppes of the Caucasus Mts.
Steppe: dry grasslands.
Migrated (moved) all throughout Europe & southwest Asia.
Aryans
Indo-Europeans who migrated into the Indus Valley.
Vedas: books that set down their prayers, songs, spells & religious formulas.
Varnas
:
Rigid class system created by the Aryans.
Aryans had the best jobs.
Dasa
(dark) had the worst jobs.
Magadha – major kingdom of the Aryans.
Polytheistic – worshipped gods and goddesses who embodied natural forces.Slide26
AIM: How did two significant Empires emerge in India?
Do Now:
The king’s good is not that which pleases him, but that which pleases his subject.” -
Arthashastra
,
a
Maurya
handbook on governance
What should the duties of a ruler include?Slide27
Turn & Talk
Do you believe…
Is it better to rule through times of peace or times of war?Slide28
Behavior Fit For a King
“The king’s good is not that which pleases him, but that which pleases his subjects”
-Arthashastra, a
Maurya
handbook on governance
What should the duties of a ruler include?
According to Hindu teachings, a ruler’s duties included maintaining peace and order by enforcing laws, resisting invaders, and encouraging economic growth. Those who successfully achieved those goals became some of India’s great rulers. Slide29
The Mauryan Empire
321 BCE – 185 BCESlide30
Chandragupta
Gained power in the Ganges Valley then conquered northern India.
Maintained order through a well-organized bureaucracyBuilding of roads/harbors, collected taxes, managed state-owned factories/shipyardsRule was
effective but harsh
Brutal secret police reported on corruption, crime and
dissentSlide31
Asoka
268 BCE – became emperor
Converted to Buddhism, rejected violence, and resolved to rule by moral example. Sent missionaries to spread Buddhism across India and to Sri Lanka.
Preached tolerance for other religions.
Edicts of Asoka: stone pillars across India announcing laws and promising righteous government
Brought peace and prosperity to empireSlide32
Division and Disunity
After Asoka’s death,
Maurya power declined (185 BCE)North and south (Deccan Plateau) was separated by distance and cultural differencesForeign invaders constantly pushed through mountain passes into Northern India.
South divided into many kingdoms, different languages and different traditions. Slide33
What words/phrases do you associate with the term ‘golden age’?
Golden AgeSlide34
Golden Age – period of great cultural achievement
“The people are numerous and happy;…only those who cultivate the royal land have to pay [a portion of] the grain from it…The king governs without…corporal punishments. Criminals are simply fined, lightly or heavily, according to the circumstances [of each case].
-
Faxian
,
A Record of
Buddhistic
Kingdoms
How was Gupta rule different from
Mauryan
rule?Slide35
The Gupta’s Bring About a Golden Age
Trade and farming flourished
Artisans produced goods for local markets and foreign landsAdvances in learning – students were educated in religious schools (not limited to religion and philosophy)
MATHEMATICS*
concept of zero, decimal system, infinity
Expand India’s literature Slide36
DeclineSlide37
Family and Village Life
Majority were peasants
Joint family – parents, children and offspring shared a common dwellingDowry – brides family makes payment to the bridegroom
Women
lost status
as time progressed
Life revolved around the village
Agriculture and trade shaped lifeSlide38
AIM: In what ways were religion and society intertwined in ancient India?
DO NOW: Complete reading and graphic organizer on the back. Slide39
The Caste System
Castes – social groups into which people are born and which can rarely be changed.Slide40
Complex Rules Uphold the Caste System
Caste was closely linked to Hindu beliefs
Higher classes were closer to moksha
Web of complex caste rules
“untouchables” (
dalits
) – considered impureSlide41
Caste Affects the Social Order
Ensures a stable social order
A sense of identity and interdependence
Over time, many additional castes and
subcastes
evolved. Slide42
The Beliefs of Hinduism Develop
Hinduism –
No single founder
No single sacred text
Process began with Aryans & Indus Valley civilization
One of the world’s most complex religionsSlide43
One Force Underlies Everything
Hindu belief that everything is part of the unchanging, all-powerful spiritual force called
brahman
Variety of Hindu gods who give concrete form to brahmanSlide44
Hindu Gods
Brahma
the Creator
Shiva
the destroyer
Vishnu
the PreserverSlide45
Sacred Texts Reveal Hindu Beliefs
Upanishads – section of the Vedas that address mystical questions related to Hinduism Slide46
Turn & Talk with Partner:
Define Reincarnation. Why do you believe some people believe in it?Slide47
Achieving Moksha Is the Goal of Life
Atman
– an essential self
Moksha
– union with
brahman
, ultimate goal of existence. To do so, individuals must free themselves from selfish desires.
Reincarnation
– rebirth of the soul into another bodily form. Allows people to continue working toward moksha through several lifetimes
Karma
– all actions of a person’s life that affect his or her fate in the next life
Dharma
– the religious and moral duties of an individual
Ahimsa
– nonviolence Slide48
Agree or disagree…
‘Pain is caused by desire’.
What does this phrase mean to you? Do you agree or disagree? Why/why not? Slide49
Key Concepts
I. Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama
Buddha – “enlightened one”
II. Goal of Buddhists is to achieve Nirvana
Ending reincarnation and stopping the cycle of death and rebirth. Slide50
Birth place of BuddhaSlide51
Images of BuddhaSlide52
Four Noble Truths
1.
All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow.
2. The cause of suffering is
nonvirtue
, or negative deeds and mindsets such as hatred and desire.
3. The only cure for suffering is to overcome
nonvirtue
.
4. The way to overcome
nonvirtue
is to follow the Eightfold Path.Slide53
The Eightfold Path
The way to rid yourself of desire and hatred.Slide54
Buddhism Spreads Beyond India
Collecting the Buddha’s teachings =
Tripitaka
“Three Baskets of Wisdom”
Buddhism spreads and divides = missionaries and traders
Sects (subgroups) –
Theravada – closely follows Buddha’s teachings (monks and nuns) = Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia
Mahayana – easier for ordinary people to follow = China, Tibet, Korea and Japan
Buddhism slowly declined in India but became prominent in other parts of Asia.Slide55
Let’s Summarize…