Direct communications phone established Kennedys Pax Americana What kind of peace do we seek Not a Pax Americana enforced on the world by American weapons of warI speak of peace because of the new face of war Total war makes no sense in an age when great powers can maintai ID: 794730
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Slide1
Aftermath of the Cuban Missile CrisisDirect communications (phone) establishedKennedy’s ‘Pax Americana’What kind of peace do we seek? Not a Pax Americana enforced on the world by American weapons of war….I speak of peace because of the new face of war. Total war makes no sense in an age when great powers can maintain large and relatively invulnerable nuclear forces and refuse to surrender without resort to those forces.Nuclear DiplomacyTest Ban Treaty (1963)Non-Proliferation Treaty (1968)Kruschev is dismissed as the Leader of the USSR (1964)Why?Cuba Missile Crisis?‘De-Stalinization’Poland (56), Hungary (56)…immovable regime, repressive, inflexible….Agricultural policies (Virgin Lands)failure of agricultural reforms….illicit capitalism?An immovable, repressive and inflexible regime?Sino-Soviet SplitEnd of Peaceful Coexistence?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZVR-DKERhc
Slide2Cracks in the Cold War Order? Détente….the easing of strained relations, especially in politicsOstpolitik (Détente in the East?)Willy Brandt, mayor of W. Berlin (later foreign minister, 1966)pursues economic and diplomatic relations with E. Germany and Eastern Europe0Leonid Brezhnev, USSR (from 1964 to 1982)respect for each other’s sphere of influenceinformal ‘economic détente?’ demand for consumer goods behind the wall….but, a system built on a network of ‘power and patronage’SALT I (1972) & SALT II (1979) (b/w USA and USSR)“Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty’1972 - Nixon travels to Russia and China (UN…)
1973 – East and West Germany enter UN1975 – Helsinki Conference
r
ecognizes Europe’s postwar boundaries USSR pledges support for greater freedoms/rightsincreased co-operation in trade, science & technology
Slide3Challenges to Soviet SystemPrague Spring, 1968 (Czechoslovakia)PM Alexander Dubcek ....reform-minded communist‘Socialism with a Human Face’more social and political openness…‘an orgy of free expression’E. German, Polish and Soviet regimes fear reforms spilling over…August, 1968 – Dubcek refuses to attend Warsaw Pact meetingsSoviet invasion follows….protests…..graffiti on tanks, removed street signs, illegal radioBrezhnev Doctrine“When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn the development of some socialist country towards capitalism, it becomes not only a problem of the country concerned, but a common problem and concern of all socialist countries.”
return to Stalinist ideals? Samizdatdissident activity, reproduced gov’t suppressed
publications (hand written, usually)….Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn expelled, 1974
Slide4‘Morning in America Before Reagan….Nixon resigns, 1974 – Watergate Scandal economic malaise in USAOPEC oil embargo…..problems in the Middle Eastforeign policy blunders?Iranian Revolution, 1979American hostages in IranUSSRSoviet invasion of Afghanistan, 1979-1989Imperialistic?Republican Ronald Reagan elected, 1980hardline conservative agenda….‘hawkish’….. increases military spending‘trickle down’ economics …. cut taxes to the wealthiestreasserting American prestige….
“Let us be aware that, while [the Soviet leaders] preach the supremacy of the state, declare its omnipotence over individual man, and predict its eventual domination of all peoples on the earth, they are the focus of all evil in the modern world.” Ronald Reagan
US President Ronald Reagan, 1980-88
Reagan…..’the Great Communicator’
Slide5End of DétenteIdeological rhetoric…..a time of heightened tension near the end of the Cold WarKorean Airlines Flight 007NY to Anchorage to Seoul….shot down after ‘deviating’ from flightpath into Soviet airspace269 passengers killed...USSR initially denies, but then blames USA...’military preparedness’military industrial complexArms Race‘cruise missiles’ sophisticated ‘guidance systems’ (read: computer programs….)‘smart weapons’again, with little human guidance….Strategic Defense Initiative a nuclear ‘shield’“Star Wars’
The defence policy of the United States is based on a simple premise: The United States does not start fights. We will never be an aggressor. We maintain our strength in order to deter and defend against aggression -- to preserve freedom and peace.’ Ronald Reagan
Slide6Turmoil within the Soviet System/CCCPOld Communists….Leonid Brezhnev, 1964-82Yuri Andropov, 1982-84Konstantin Chernenko, 1984-85Soviet-Afghan War, 1979-1989New imperialism?Becomes USSR’s ‘Vietnam’…..The Reformer…..Mikhael Gorbachev, 1985 – 1991‘Developed Socialism’Perestroika ‘Restructuring’Economic & Political reforms….Glasnost‘Openness’Chernobyl Incident, 1986http://abcnews.go.com/Archives/video/chernobyl-disaster-nuclear-plant-soviet-1986-9843882
Predictions? What happens when one opens the flood gates?
Bureaucratic Malaise
Decay from within CCCP
Old ways of thinking….
Slide71980s Eastern Europe – ‘Domino Theory’In what way was Mikhail Gorbachev the key figure in the collapse of the totalitarian regimes in Eastern Europe? Or, was he?Poland‘Solidarity’ movement…..trade unionists led by Lech Walesa CzechoslovakiaRemember the Prague Spring, ‘68?‘Velvet Revolution’led by playwright, Vaclav Havel…..Czech Republic & Slovakia, 1993HungaryRemember Budapest, 1956?Gorbachev not going to intervene….why?GermanyRemember Ostpolitik?Fall of Berlin Wallhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snsdDb7KDkgWhy so fast?
‘the medium is the message’….censorship?peaceful protests built on mass revolutionsrole of nationalist sentiments
Slide8Collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist RepublicsFailures of the Soviet system:Major theories revolve around – Economic stagnationMilitary spendingPolitical corruptionClashes of ideological interpretationsNationalism (50% of USSR pop. was not ethnic Russian)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-2kx549Mf0
Slide9Successes and Failures of the Soviet Union, 1917-1985Accomplishments?Modern Superpower?Military Power?Standard of Living?Failures?EconomicsBlack MarketFood shortages…..need for grain importsRationing returns in the mid 1980sConsumer goods?Effects of Command Economy – the state sets the prices and decides what consumers should getTrans-Siberian Oil Pipeline?Inefficient resource development and environmental degradation ‘Bureaucracy’the Party was loathe to reform the system, for all the perks it benefitted fromNationalism Nationalist desires had been repressed by the imprisonment of leaders, censoring of the press, etc…Nationalism was on the increase and the state’s unwillingness to use force did nothing to impede it
Slide10Q. In what ways had Gorbachev raised the expectations of the Soviet people?Q. Why weren’t the Russian people more involved in Gorbachev’s ‘revolution?’Q. How does reform differ from revolution?‘Towards a Humane, Democratic Socialism’What do Social Democrats in general, and Gorbachev in particular believe?Successes?Removal of many corrupt and ineffective officialsRelaxation of tensions with western nationsEx: Margaret Thatcher: “I like Mr. Gorbachev. We can do business.”
Increase in elected officials
Raised expectations among the people (which perhaps later backfired)
Failures?Heavy investment in the machinery and tool industry had very limited returns
More economic freedom encouraged people to horde common goodsHigh ranking officials were chosen more for loyalty than like-mindedness
War in Afghanistan continued much too longIncreases in net production (1983-1987) were artificial in a way (a result of getting rid of corrupt officials who were “milking” the system)
Slide11Socialist Market Economy In order to reform the communist economy Gorbachev created a semi private system in a classic supply and demand market. However the growth of the economy was skewed, people with capitalist ties began do grow wealthy, but the standard of living for the average Soviet fell drastically as the state run stores ran out of food with the collapse of the communist farming structure. Supply could not keep up with demandAs with the New Economic Policy and the 5 – year plans the Socialist Market Economy initially produced hardship and resentment. Unlike the past economic reforms Gorbachev was not going to force the issue on his people.
ECONOMIC COLLAPSE
Soviet quality of life plummets
Freedom for a collapse in economics Gorbachev announces a 500-day plan
similar to the reforms
FDR
imposes during the
Depression
Russian people are cynical
New political voices began to surface
Slide12Boris Yeltsin Boris Yeltsin, the leader of Russian Republic 1991 Yeltsin put forward the idea of a Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and demanded self-determination for all ethnic groups in the USSR.
August 1991 – Coup D’EtatGorbachev proposed a Union Treaty between the republics and the Soviet government. This would see the traditional powers shift to the republics, while leaving the old Soviet “security of the collective”.
August 19, 1991
Communist hardliners arrest Gorbachev and begin to consolidate the power of the USSR.Soviet
tanks surround the Russian parliament with Boris Yeltsin inside. Yeltsin comes out and climbs on a tank.
End of Soviet Union…..
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LsF4c06txHM
Slide13Results of the 1991 Coup Key: Yeltsin had the support of the people - USSR troops refuse to “subdue the people” & coup endsGorbachev because of his ties to the Communist Party loses credibility at home (remains popular in the West)Yeltsin’s popularity soars…..
Communist Party outlawed in the Republic of Russia
December 1, 1991
the republic of
Ukraine votes for independence
this lead to the creation of C.I.S. (Ukraine was the second most powerful republic)
December 25, 1991 Gorbachev signs the paper ending the U.S.S.R and places it
‘in the dustbin of history’
officially on January 1, 1992
Slide14“…the more things change…”Yeltsin proved to be a poor leader…Russian quality of life continued to fall 1994 Yeltsin sends Russian troops to stop Chechnya from breaking away into its own country. This proves to be a very unpopular war and sees Putin (PM) as strong leader.
1999 Yeltsin was replaced by Vladimir Putin
Putin appeals to the west for monetary aid, he argues that the collapse of Russia would not be in the best interest of world peace.
Putin estimates with good solid economic reforms and continuous western aid Russia, in 15 years would be the economic equal of Portugal, the poorest of the E.U. countries.
Currently –
Constitutional change
2 term presidency
revised…
Putin appoints successor
Runs for President
again
Will run again in 2018….
Cult of Personality?
Desires return of Russian
prestige
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lxMWSmKieuc0
Slide15Slide16End of DetenteKorean Airlines Flight 007http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/31/us/kal-fight-007-anniversary/
Ronald Reagan http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/ronald-reagan
U.S. President
Ronald Reagan (R)
is elected on a
hard-line conservative platform
, focusing on the energy crisis at home, and failed Democratic foreign policies, especially towards Iran and the USSR.
Reagan focuses his foreign policies on the re-emergence of an
imperialistic Soviet Union
.
Q. What event is Reagan speaking to?
Reagan increases military spending kicking off a new arms race witch ends the period of detente.
“Let us be aware that, while [the Soviet leaders] preach the supremacy of the state, declare its omnipotence over individual man, and predict its eventual domination of all peoples on the earth, they are the focus of all evil in the modern world.” Ronald Reagan
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FAhDQxPHvP0