Notes: Chapter 2.3 Carbon Compounds - PowerPoint Presentation

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Notes: Chapter 2.3Carbon Compounds

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Chemistry of CarbonCarbon can form four covalent bonds.(

tetravalence

)

Carbon usually bonds with other non metals

6 protons

6 neutrons

6 electrons

first shell- 2

second shell- 4

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Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties.

Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms.

Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures.

straight chain

branched chain

ring

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Single BondA single bond is signified by a solid line between symbols; shares 2 electrons

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Double BondA double bond is signified by two solid lines between symbols; shares 4 electrons

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Triple BondA triple bond is signified by three solid lines between symbols; shares 6 electrons

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MacromoleculesMacromolecules are “Giant molecules”

Consist of monomers (smaller units) that join

to

form polymers (large molecules of repeating units – monomers- bonded together by covalent bonds.

Macromolecules

Macromolecules are “

Giant

molecules”

Consist of

monomers

(smaller units) that join together to form

polymers

This process is called

Polymerization.

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MacromoleculesThe process of bonding monomers together is called polymerization

Macromolecules

Macromolecules are “

Giant

molecules”

Consist of

monomers

(smaller units) that join together to form

polymers

This process is called

Polymerization.

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Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together.

Monomers are the individual subunits.

Polymers are made of many monomers.

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Dehydration ReactionMonomers are connected by a reaction in which 2 molecules are covalently bonded together through the loss of a water molecule

.

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Hydrolysis Breaking the covalent bond within the polymer to break off a monomer involves the breaking a water molecule and inserting its pieces

.

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Types of macromoleculesCarbohydrates

Lipids

Nucleic Acids

Proteins

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CarbohydratesComposition: made of C, H and O atoms, usually in a 1:2:1 ratio

Monomer- monosaccharide

Polymer – polysaccharide

Uses: Main source of energy for organisms, structural purpose in cell membrane, and exoskeleton of insects.

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CarbohydratesExamples

Sugars (Saccharides)

Monosaccharide = simple sugar molecule

Disaccharide = two monosaccharides bonded together with a glycosidic linkage

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CarbohydratesStarches: Complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides) that store extra sugar

In animals, starch is called glycogen, structural is called chitin

Chitin is used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons.

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Carbohydrates2. In plants, “plant starch”, structural is called cellulose

Cellulose makes up the cell wall of plant cells.

Humans cannot breakdown cellulose during digestion.

Known as “insoluble fiber”

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Lipids1.Composition: C, H, O. More C and H and a few O

2. Subunits: glycerol (“head”) and fatty acids (long carbon chain that makes up the “tail”)

Glycerol

Fatty Acid

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Lipids3. Not soluble in water – non-polar

4. Function: energy storage, main part of cell membrane, hormones, cushions vital organs and insulates the body

5. Examples: fats (3 fatty acid chains),

phosopholipids (2 fatty acid chains), oils, waxes, steroids (hormones), cholesterol

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Lipids have several different functions.

broken down as a source of energy

make up cell membranes

used to make hormones

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Lipids

6. Types of fatty acids:

a.

Unsaturated fatty acids

are found in lipids that are liquid at room temperature, C=C bonds

The double bond creates a kink in the tails that keeps them from packing closely together.

Example: Olive oil

Double bond

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Lipids

b.

Saturated fatty acids

are found in lipids that are solids at room temperature, no C=C bonds

Example: Shortening, butter

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Saturated = only single bonds, maximum number of H atoms

Unsaturated = at least on C = C double bond

Types of Lipids

lipid

lipid

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ProteinsComposition: C, H, O, N

Function:

Structure

Storage

transport of other substancesmovementImmunityRegulate Metabolism

Catalyze reactions (make them happen)

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ProteinsMade of monomers called amino acids that are linked together to form a chain

20 different types of amino acids

All have the same general structure

Draw this in your notes!

Label!!

Carboxyl Group

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Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.

Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.

Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.

Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.

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Some Amino Acids…

General structure

Alanine

Serine

Amino group

Carboxyl group

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4 Levels of StructurePrimaryUnique sequence of amino acids linked together to form a polypeptide chain

Changing the order of even 1 A.A. changes the shape and ability to function.

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Secondary

α

- helix OR

β- pleated sheetRepeatedly coiled or folded portions of the polypeptide chain as a result of hydrogen bonding at regular intervals along the backbone.

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Tertiaryc. 3D structure, interactions along different parts of the amino acid chain

This creates regions (hydrophobic, hydrophilic,

etc

) within the protein.

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QuarternaryOccurs when a protein consists of 2 or more polypeptide chains.

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Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids.

Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape.

Incorrect amino acids change a protein

’

s structure and function.

hydrogen bond

Hemoglobin

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Nucleic AcidsComposition: C, H, O, N, P

Function: Store and transmit genetic information by determining the amino acid sequence in proteins

Two types

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

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NucleotideMade of monomers called nucleotides. A nucleotide has three parts

5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)

Phosphate group

Nitrogenous base

(A, T, G, or C)

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Carbon

Compounds

include

that consist of

which contain

that consist of

that consist of

that consist of

which contain

which contain

which contain

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Nucleic acids

Proteins

Sugars and

starches

Fats and oils

Nucleotides

Amino Acids

Carbon,

hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,

hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen, nitrogen,

phosphorus

Carbon,

hydrogen,oxygen,

nitrogen