Mental Health Definition a state of wellbeing in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities can cope with the normal stresses of life can work productively and fruitfully and is able to make a contribution to his or her community WHO ID: 1014933
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1. Chapter 1---Mental Health and Mental Illness
2. Mental HealthDefinition: a “state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community” (WHO)Complete when physical, mental, social well-being are intactEvidence of mental health: ability to function well alone and with othersMake sound judgments; accept responsibility for outcomesTo love and be loved; to respond with humor when life gets tough
3. Mental IllnessDefinition is complicated due to various views, interpretationDSM-5 definition: clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biologic, or developmental processes underlying mental functioningUsually associated with “significant impact on the social, occupational, or other activities”Estimated 18.3% American adults have diagnosable mental disorders (NIH, 2016)Serious mental illness diagnoses average 4.2%Leading cause of disability in U.S.
4. Cultural, Ethnic, and Religious Influences #1Cultural variances with mental health issuesPerception, coping, managing ExamplesTurn to faith healersDeny problem existsView symptoms as punishment for wrongdoingMental illness related to witchcraft, demon possession, substance abuse
5. Cultural, Ethnic, and Religious Influences #2Elimination strategiesFolk healing customsMagicTraditional medicines, herbsReligious ritualsPrayer, touch, candles, eggs or pollenWeed roots, pictures, medalsReligious music, talking to God, meditationCultural or ethnic traditions may be first choice for managing mental illness, despite available services
6. Factors Affecting Mental HealthStress; anxietyGrief; lossAdaptive response influencesConditioningCultural influenceAvailable mental resourcesPreferred response: constructive measures
7. Stress Definition: condition resulting when a threat or challenge to our well-being requires us to adjust or adapt to environmentDistress: negative stressDemanding exhaustive energyEustress: positive, motivating stressCan enhance sense of well-beingAcute: “fight or flight” response; episodicChronic: ongoing, continuousCommon symptomatic categories: physical, mental, emotional, behavioral
8. Anxiety #1Definition: feeling of apprehension, uneasiness, or uncertainty occurring in response to real or perceived threat from an unknown sourceAutomatic, unconscious biologic response Normal: necessary for survival; provides energy to manage daily life, pursue goalsAcute: short termChronic: experienced over long timeChronic fatigue, insomnia, poor concentration, social/work impairment
9. Anxiety #2 Four levelsMild: natural; motivating toward productivityModerate: uncomfortable; difficult to tolerate for extended periodsSevere: physically, emotionally exhaustingDesperation: relieve mental, emotional turmoilPanic: hysteria, suicide attempts, violence
10. Contributing Factors to Stress and AnxietyExternal stressors: adverse environmental aspectsAbusive relationshipPoverty-level living conditionsInternal stressors: physical or psychologicalPhysical: chronic condition, terminal illnessPsychological: continued worry regarding financial issues, impending disaster (which may never happen)Impact of personality type, situational unpredictabilityEmotional triggers for higher stress levels: events which are uncontrollable, repetitive, unexpected, intense
11. Promoting Adaptive Coping Strategies #1Situational assessment: realitySolution developmentCoping strategiesPositive outcomeAdaptive copingPalliative copingNegative outcomeMaladaptive copingDysfunctional coping
12. Promoting Adaptive Coping Strategies #2Effective coping strategiesPositive self-talk and reframing irrational thinkingAssertiveness training, problem-solving skillsCommunication skills, conflict resolutionRelaxation techniques, meditationSupport systems, practical attitude, sense of humorSelf-care: diet, exercise, sleep, leisure, avoiding stress-increasing substances (caffeine, alcohol, etc.)Faith in spiritual power and in yourself
13. Grief and LossGrief: emotional process of coping with lossSense of emptiness, hopelessness, detachment from life’s meaningSadness/despondency centered on an experienceEmotional energy investment corresponds to intensity of griefLoss: actual or perceived status change in relationship to valued object or personAssociated with death of valued person or pet; losing home to fire/natural disasterNot receiving anticipated promotion; academic failureMourning activities: Influenced by beliefs, customs
14. Types of GriefAnticipatory: those expecting a major loss in the near futureTerminal illness, loss of body part, change in body functioningConventional: grief experienced following a lossAdolescents and children respond according to their understanding of deathTemporary or permanent lossBereavement: natural, healthy, healing process which emerges in response to any significant loss
15. Grief as a ProcessGrieving process: series of occurrences in the resolution of lossProvides support while working through feelings of loss: anger, hopelessness, futility, fear, guiltProvides timePut events into perspectivePlace lost things into memoryEmerge with newly developed embrace of lifeAdapting to loss is a learning processAccepting loss as part of life
16. Stages of GriefDr. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross: dying is a lifelong processFive stages of griefDenial: shock, disbeliefAnger: realization loss is realBargaining: postponing acceptance of lossDepression: persistent, prolonged mood of sadness; normal response to lossAcceptance: begin to experience peace, serenity
17. Dysfunctional Grief #1Definition: failure to complete the grieving process and successfully cope with a lossChronic sorrowUnresolved grief: incomplete grief process resulting in maladaptive symptoms continuing months after lossContributing factors to unresolved griefSocially unacceptable deathMissing person due to war, mysterious disappearance, abductionMultiple losses or losses in close succession
18. Dysfunctional Grief #2Unresolved grief (cont.)Contributing factors to unresolved grief (cont.)Ambivalent feelings toward lost person, objectUnresolved grieving from previous lossGuilt regarding circumstances surrounding deathSurvivor’s guiltConsuming worthlessness with suicidal tendenciesPhysiologic response: marked decrease in functionDelusional thinking/hallucinations
19. Coping With Grief and Loss Those with prolonged bereavement needClinical attention, treatmentStrategiesOpen-ended statementsDetermineAvailable support systemsPast successful coping strategiesPotential interventions
20. Question #1Tell whether the following statement is true or false.Stress can help people function at optimal levels.
21. Answer to Question #1TrueRationale: Stress is a part of everyday living. Mild stress can motivate and propel people toward accomplishment and success.
22. Question #2Grief that comes when one is expecting a loss in the near future is called conventional grief dysfunctional grief anticipatory grief chronic sorrow
23. Answer to Question #2 C. Anticipatory griefRationale: Anticipatory grief is a response in individuals or families that occurs when a loss is expected in the near future. It can be a helpful concept for nurses working with terminally ill patients and patients who are anticipating the loss of a body part or a change in body functioning.
24. Question #3According to Dr. Kubler-Ross, which stage is the first step of the grieving process? Anger Denial Acceptance Bargaining
25. Answer Question #3B. DenialRationale: In the first stage of grief, a person who has experienced a loss wants to avoid the reality of it and may act as if nothing happened. Denial allows a person time to gather coping strategies for the grieving process ahead.