Persuasion Appeals Logical - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

PersuasionSlide2

Appeals

Logical

Ethical

EmotionalSlide3

Logical appeals (logos)

Appeals to reason

Use statistics

Use cause and effect

“The National Safety Council estimated that in 2010, 28% of all crashes involved texting while driving. Therefore, a national ban on handheld devices behind the wheel would significantly reduce traffic accidents.”Slide4

Emotional appeals (pathos)

Appeal to the reader’s emotions: hope, desire, fear, or sense of identity

May use loaded words, figurative language, or sensory detailSlide5

Sometimes I wish eastern Congo would suffer an earthquake or a tsunami, so that it might finally get the attention it needs. The barbaric civil war being waged here is the most lethal conflict since World War II and has claimed at least 30 times as many lives as the Haiti earthquake.

Yet no humanitarian crisis generates so little attention per million corpses, or such a pathetic international response.

-Nicholas

Kristof

,

NY Times Columnist writing in 2010Slide6

Ethical appeals (ethos)

Convincing by the credibility or character of the author

Or…

Appealing to the reader’s sense of morality and justiceSlide7

“Diane

Ravitch

, an expert on education policy for more than forty years, who helped design the No Child Left Behind Act, argues that standardized tests that once promised to improve education have done more to dumb-down the curriculum.”Slide8

Rhetorical Strategies (diction)

Allusion

Hyperbole

Litotes

RepetitionSlide9

Allusion

A reference to a well-known person, place, or thing.

E.G. Nick

Jans

describing Chris

McCandless

:

“Such willful ignorance… amounts to disrespect for the land, and paradoxically demonstrates the same sort of arrogance that resulted in the Exxon Valdez spill—just another case of underprepared, overconfident men bumbling around out there and screwing up because they lacked the requisite humility.”Slide10

Hyperbole

The use of exaggeration for persuasive effect

“When the construction is complete, this will be the most beautiful high school in the state of Ohio.”Slide11

Litotes

Understatement for sarcastic or persuasive effect

EG: It is a bit chilly in the hallway between the English classrooms and cafeteria.Slide12

repetition

A persuasive writer can repeat key words or phrases for rhetorical impact.

Advertisers frequently come up with words or phrases they want you to associate with a product and then repeat over and over again.Slide13

Rhetorical Strategies: Syntax

Parallelism

Chiasmus

Antithesis

Rhetorical QuestionsSlide14

Parallelism

When a writer establishes similar patterns of grammatical structure and length.

His writing was clear, accurate, and persuasive.

Or…

His writing was grammatically correct, factually supported, and emotionally moving.

Or…

His words were sparkling jewels; his sentences were intricately carved; his paragraphs were solid as blocks of granite.Slide15

Chiasmus

Takes a phrase and “turns it inside out.”

abba

“Courage is not having the strength to go on; it is going on when you don’t have the strength.” --Teddy Roosevelt

“The bible will keep you from sin; or sin will keep you from the bible.” – D.L. MoodySlide16

Antithesis

Contrary ideas expressed in a balanced sentence.

It can be a contrast of opposites: “Evil men fear authority; good men cherish it.”

Or it can be a contrast of degree: “One small step for man; one giant leap for mankind.”Slide17

Rhetorical Question

A question asked by the writer that does not expect an answer. The answer is obvious or suggested by the context

It’s really a statement in the form of a question.

Do we want to bring more jobs to Ohio?

Aren’t you ashamed of yourself?Slide18

Qualifiers

Qualifiers are terms that make an opinion easier to support:

“

Creatine

makes athletes stronger, but it won’t necessarily make them better.”

Examples: almost, often, usually, maybe, most, frequently, many, frequently…Slide19

Concessions

A concession identifies another valid opinion on the topic. Conceding a point often makes an overall argument more convincing.

“I realize that you are worried about our safety, but there are dangers in nearly all things, including driving cars and playing sports.”Slide20

Words that signal concession:

Even though

While it is true that

I will admit

Admittedly

I cannot argue with

Granted

I accept the fact thatSlide21

Anticipation

The best persuasive writing will

anticipate

and

refute

opposing arguments.

“Some may argue…”

“It may seem...”Slide22

Fallacies

A fallacy is a statement that is

misleading.

It may sound logical and factual, but it’s not

.

Slippery slope

Hasty generalization False cause & effect

Name calling Red herring

Either / or Straw man

slippery slopeSlide23

Hasty generalization

: coming to a conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence.

My friends shop at American Eagle, therefore, all high school students like American Eagle.Slide24

Name calling

(ad hominem)

a

ttacking the person who holds the view rather than the view itself

“Barack Hussein Obama wants to take away assault rifles. He is a socialist!”Slide25

Either / or

– describing a situation as if there were only two choices when in fact there may be

several

Either we implement new standardized tests, or our students will not be prepared to compete in the next century.Slide26

False cause & effect

– asserting that because Event B followed Event A, A caused

B

I did well on the test when I wore my lucky socks. The socks must have made me smarter.Slide27

Slippery Slope

If A happens, then we will go through a series of small steps until B and C, and catastrophe. Things will get worse and worse until the worse imaginable consequences occur.

If we raise taxes even a tiny bit, the government will get more and more powerful until we lose all of our liberties.Slide28

Red Herring

A diversionary tactic; avoids key issues rather than addressing them.

The level of mercury in fish may be unsafe, but what will fishermen do to support their families?Slide29

Straw Man

– oversimplifies an opponent’s viewpoint and then attacks the hollow argument.

Those seeking to cut funding for

M

edicare and social security are trying to destroy the safety net for the neediest Americans.