Political Experiments of the 1920’s - PowerPoint Presentation

375 views
Uploaded On 2016-08-03

Political Experiments of the 1920’s - PPT Presentation

FYIs OPEN book Thursday on Chapter 27 Bring books any time If you were missin some daily grades get em in this week Im going to try to find time to let you play catch up Ill make piles of extra copies ID: 430586

upper saddle 07458 river saddle upper river 07458 rights reserved education pearson 2010 copyright germany war mussolini german 1923

Link:

Copy

Embed:

<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.docslides.com/embed/430586" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>

Download Presentation from below link

Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "Political Experiments of the 1920’s" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.

Presentation Transcript

Slide1

Political Experiments of the 1920’sSlide2

FYI’s

OPEN

book Thursday on Chapter 27! Bring books any time!

If you were

missin

some daily grades

, get

in this week! I’m going to try to find time to let you play catch up

I’ll make piles of extra copiesSlide3

After Versailles:

Demands for Revision and Enforcement

Political agitation in the successor states

German resentment of the treaty

French demands for enforcement of the treatySlide4

Postwar Economic Woes

The war had damaged the economies of Europe’s old states

The loss of so many people was also a loss of producers and consumers

Every country had war debts, and no way to repay it

Losers also had to pay reparations

Industrial infrastructure had been destroyed

The new states had nothing to begin with

New borders separated factories from the resources they used

Railway systems were now split between multiple nations

The U.S. ceased to be dependent on European productionSlide5

THE SOVIET UNIONSlide6

The beginning of the Soviet Experiment

The Bolsheviks had consolidated power

Party membership did not exceed 1% of the population

Some opposition still remained

They viewed their revolution as internationally significantSlide7

Need to know…

Lenin

War Communism

NEP

CominternStalinTrotksySlide8

War Communism

Leon Trotsky (1879–1940) organized the Red Army to suppress both internal and foreign opposition

White Russian opposition could not get properly organized

The nation was run by Lenin from the top, undemocratically

The government ran the banks, the transport system and heavy industry

All opposition was repressed

War Communism generated opposition

Peasants resisted the requisition of grain

Strikes in 1920 and 1921

Baltic fleet mutiny in March 1921Slide9

The New Economic Policy (NEP)

Outlined by Lenin in March 1921

Private industry would be tolerated except in:

Banking

Heavy Industry

Transportation

International Commerce

Peasant farming for profit was legalized

The countryside stabilizedSlide10

The Third International

Also called the

Comintern

, the Third International of the European Socialist Movement was designed by Lenin to promote the Bolshevik style of Socialism in Europe

1920–21 conditions were imposed on any socialist party that wanted to join

Every major European party was split on whether to accept these policies

These splits helped lead to the rise of fascism

The Stalin/Trotsky Rivalry

After Lenin’s stroke in 1922 and his subsequent death in 1924, a power vacuum was left

Two factions emerged

Trotsky Faction

Joseph Stalin (1879-1953), general secretary of the party, Faction

Lenin had criticized both before his death, but especially StalinSlide12

Trotsky’s Position

Urged rapid industrialization financed by expropriation of farm production

Collectivization of agriculture

The Soviet Union should encourage worldwide Socialist revolutionSlide13

Stalin’s Rise

His position of general secretary allowed him to amass bureaucratic and administrative power

Manipulated intraparty rivalries

Backed Nikolai Bukharin (1888–1938) in his battle with Trotsky over rapid industrialization

Also opposed Trotsky’s position on worldwide revolution

He was thus able to eventually have Trotsky humiliated and exiled by 1929

Reading -

Stop when he starts taking about Mussolini

Hang on to reading packet – don’t lose

Slide15

ITALYSlide16

Fascism in Italy

Fascist governments were anti-Democratic, anti-Marxist, anti-Parliamentary and frequently anti-Semitic

Rejected Liberalism

Dictatorial

Founded in Italy by Benito Mussolini (1883–1945)

The Rise of Mussolini

Italian

Fasci

Combattimento

, “Bands of Combat,” founded in 1919 in Milan

Mostly Italian war veterans who rejected Versailles

Led by Mussolini

A former socialist

Broke with socialists in 1914, in order to support joining the war on the side of the Allies

Nationalism replaced socialism in his personal pantheon

Took advantage of postwar chaos

The Rise of Mussolini

Took

advantage of postwar

chaos

Postwar chaos = unemployment and discontent of returned soldiers

Also, Italian leaders felt “cheated” at Versailles Peace Talks and like they didn’t get their fair share

Early Fascist Organization

Mussolini initially supported factory occupation and land seizures

He later came to realize that Italians were more interested in order than abstract ideas of justice

Most people did not support Bolshevik ideas of revolution and liberal reforms (especially middle class)

Mussolini Formed

local squads of terrorists to go after socialists and other perceived

malcontents -

squadristi

Law enforcement ignored

them

Early Fascist Organization

Fascists mainly made up of middle class, white collar professionals

1921, Mussolini and 34 Fascists were elected to the government

The Black Shirt March

In October 1922, the Fascists marched on Rome

The Cabinet resigned in protest

On November 23, 1922 the

king (Victor Emmanuel III)

and Parliament granted Mussolini dictatorial power for one year

The Fascists in Power

Once in power, Mussolini moved cautiously

Changed election laws in 1924, so that the party which received the largest popular vote would have two-thirds of the seats in parliament

In the 1924 election, the Fascists won complete control of Parliament

By 1926, Mussolini was able to rule by

decree (DICTATOR)

Violence and terror continued

Late 1924, Giacomo

Matteotti

, a socialist leader, was

murdered

Controlled press, no one allowed to disrespect Catholic ChurchThe Lateran Accord of 1929 made peace with the Vatican

Fascist Propaganda

“Mussolini is always right”

Rising Political Experiments…

For example,

Bolshevism

is Socialism mixed with strong authority

Fascism

is Capitalism mixed with strong authority

Reading -

Stop @ QUESTION 6Slide25

Reading -

Stop @ QUESTION 6Slide26

THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC

(GERMANY)Slide27
Slide28

Weimar Germany

Created to replace German Empire

Reichstag = Parliament

The

Constitution, while

somewhat

Liberal, was also fundamentally flawed,

as it allowed small parties to gain seats easily

The president was permitted to rule by decree in an emergency, permitting presidential

dictatorship

Weimar Germany

lso lacked popular

support

It was

viewed as the government that

humiliated Germany by accepting the

Versailles treaty

In the early 20s there were a number of violent uprisings, but they failed

There was

massive inflation

, due to the reparations imposed by the alliesThe invasion of the Ruhr caused the German people to resent the Weimar government even more

In January 1923 the

Ruhr

was

occupied

as a reprisal after Germany failed to fulfill

World War I reparation

payments

as agreed in the Versailles Treaty. The German

government responded with "

passive resistance

letting workers and civil servants refuse orders and instructions by the occupation forces. Production and transport came to a standstill and the financial consequences contributed to German hyperinflation and ruined public finances in Germany and France, as well as several other countries. Passive resistance was called off in late 1923, allowing Germany to implement a currency reform and to negotiate the Dawes Plan, which led to the withdrawal of the French and Belgian troops from the Ruhr in 1925.RUHRSlide31

Inflation

When the war broke out on July 31, 1914, the

Reichsbank

(German Central Bank) suspended

redeemability of its notes in gold. After that there was no legal limit as to how many notes it could print.

The government did not want to upset people with heavy taxes

Instead it borrowed huge amounts of money which were to be paid by the enemy after Germany had won the war

, Much of the borrowing was discounted and monetized by the

Reichsbank

. As explained later, this amounted to issuing straight printing press money.By the end of the war, the amount of money in circulation had increased four-fold. Slide32

HYPERinflation

From Mid-1922 to November 1923 hyperinflation

raged

All

hope of checking the collapse of the mark vanished in January 1923 when the French--alleging treaty violations--occupied Germany's key industrial district, the Ruhr

. Germany subsidized the occupied companies and financed an expensive program of "passive resistance."

New billions of marks were printing to finance these heavy new costs

. By late 1923, 300 paper mills were working top speed and 150 printing companies had 2000 presses going day and night turning out currency.Slide33

HYPERinflation

By mid-1923 workers were being paid as often as three times a day. Their wives would meet them, take the money and rush to the shops to exchange it for goods

. However, by this time, more and more often, shops were empty. Storekeepers could not obtain goods or could not do business fast enough to protect their cash receipts. Farmers refused to bring produce into the city in return for worthless paper. Food riots broke out. Parties of workers marched into the countryside to dig up vegetables and to loot the farms. Businesses started to close down and unemployment suddenly soared.

The economy was collapsing

Meanwhile, middle-class people who depended on any sort of fixed income found themselves destitute. They sold furniture, clothing, jewelry and works of art to buy food. Little shops became crowded with such merchandise. Hospitals, literary and art societies, charitable and religious institutions closed down as their funds disappeared.

Then by a mere effort of will, the government stepped in and stabilized the currency overnight

.Slide34

Dawes PlanSlide35

Weimar Germany

Hitler and the Early Years of Nazism

Adolf Hitler (1889–1945) made his first major appearance on the political scene in 1923. Along with a number of his followers, he attempted a

putsch

. Though it failed, and Hitler was imprisoned, it made him a hero to many Germans.

Nazism was characterized by extreme nationalism, anti-Communism and anti-Semitism

Weimar Germany

The

Stresemann Years

In order to repair inflation, Chancellor Gustav Stresemann introduced a new German currency

He also agreed to a new system of reparation payments in 1924, which helped to lower inflation

In 1925, right after the French left the Ruhr, Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg became president

Locarno

The 1925 Locarno Agreements helped to integrate Germany back into the European system

However, its

conciliatory (appeasing, weak)

outlook continued to alienate the German nationalist public

Locarno Treaties - 1925

France, Belgium, UK, Italy, Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia

Sought to “normalize” relations

Negotiators won Nobel Peace Prize

Cooperation:

Nations promised to guarantee political borders discussed.

Internationalism:

The seven European nations had gotten together in order to establish a peace settlement.

National security:All nations involved had to promise to keep to their political borders

Regional security:

No nations were to go into the Rhineland as it was a neutral zone.

Total war:

This Locarno Pact was an attempt to remove tensions between Germany and France. Countries wanted an overall peace settlement and wanted to prevent a second world war.

Locarno Treaties - 1925Slide39

VICTORS AND SUCCESSOR STATESSlide40

Victors

Great Britain and France

“Joyless Victors”

Both experienced “troubled democracies”Slide41

France

Strongest military power on the continent

Intended to enforce the terms of the Versailles Treaty, keep Germany in check

Military alliances

with Poland and other Eastern statesInvaded German Ruhr

in 1923 because Germany was defaulting on loans – ultimately hurt both French and German economySlide42

Britain

Escaped with almost no damage from war

However, economy depressed throughout 1920s

“

Labour” Party – socialist but not revolutionary, replaces Liberal Party in GB for good

Trouble with the Empire

– self-determination for Australia, Canada, India becoming more of a discussed topic

Ireland – guerilla war, negotiations over Ireland becoming independent. Irish Free State became part of the British Commonwealth (empire)Slide43

“Successor States”

Newly Created or Newly Independent nations after WWI

Poland

Czechoslovakia

HungaryAustria

Yugoslavia

Etc…..Slide44

Eastern Europe

The fall of the

Austro-Hungarian

Empire created a number of new states

The question became, could those who had previously been powerless rule competently?

Economic and Ethnic Pressures

All of the new states except Czechoslovakia depended on foreign loans

All of the new states except Czechoslovakia fell under

authoritarian

rule

Poland

Restored after 130 years of being ruled by its neighbors, nationalism was not sufficient to overcome regional differences

In 1926, Marshal Josef Pilsudski (1867–1935) carried out a coup.

Czechoslovakia

Czechoslovakia was fortunate enough to have a gifted leader in Thomas Masaryk

The country worked well until the 30s, when German nationalists looked to Hitler, and he Annexed the Sudetenland while the world watched

Hungary

After the war, there was a short-lived Communist

Republic

Following the fall of the Communists, an aristocratic government ruled

Count

István

Bethlen

BethlenSlide48

Austria

Throughout the 20s there was dissention in Parliament between the Social Democrats and the Christian Socialists

By the 30s, the Christian Socialists had control, until the Nazis annexed Austria in 1938

Southeastern Europe:

Royal Dictatorships

Serbs and Croats clashed in Yugoslavia

Violence between ethnic nationalists led to royal dictatorship in 1929 under King Alexander I, a Serb

Royal dictatorships were also established in Romania, Bulgaria, and Greece

Tasks Today

Finish

27 Reading quiz if needed

– unless you were absent yesterday, needs to be in todauFinish Weimar Republic Packet

(from Wednesday)

Other things you might need to finish…

Questions on Lenin, Stalin, and Mussolini

Evaluating the Versailles Treaty

Political Experiments of the 1920’s - PowerPoint Presentation

Political Experiments of the 1920’s - PPT Presentation

Share:

Link:

Embed:

Related Contents