Chapter 3 PreReformation developments Challenges to the Medieval church The Avignon Popes and the Great Schism Secular papacy and worldliness in churchsimony and nepotism Lay movements that protested clerical holders of benefices and preached new theology ID: 362902
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Slide1
The Age of reformation
Chapter 3Slide2
Pre-Reformation developments
Challenges to the Medieval church
The Avignon Popes and the Great Schism
Secular papacy and worldliness in church-simony and nepotism
Lay movements that protested clerical holders of benefices and preached new theology
Albigensians
,
Waldensians
,
Lollards
,
Hussites
Martin Luther-Address to the Christian Nobility of the German nation (1520)-summary of economic grievancesSlide3
Indulgences
Remission of the temporal penalty imposed on penitents as a “work of satisfaction” for temporal sins
Priest would hear confession-absolve the penitent of guilt of sin, and then give them a “work of satisfaction”-prayer, fasting, etc
Person who did not do this would suffer in purgatory for a time
Pope Clement VI-RC church had a treasury of merit that could be dispensed by Pope-Sale of Letters of IndulgencesSlide4
Indulgences cont
1517-Pope Leo X-declared a plenary Jubilee indulgence to rebuild St. Peter’s basilica
Practice had expanded to selling indulgences to permit sale of indulgences for oneself and for dead loved ones
1519-Johann
Tetzl
, priest, commissioned to go sell indulgences in the borders of SaxonySlide5
Martin Luther 1483-1546Slide6
Luther
Father miner, wanted him to be a lawyer
1505-Conversion experience-walking home in thunderstorm –lightning flashing
“St. Anne help me, I will become a monk”Slide7
Luther the priest and monk
1507-ordained priest
1510-Journeyed to Rome
1511-entered Augustinian monastery
1512-earned doctorate in theology
Spiritual crisis of Luther-”The righteousness of God,” and his own personal sinfulness”Slide8
Luther’s Tower experience
Studying theology at the U. of Wittenberg
Studying book of Psalms and Romans
“justification by faith alone”-Sola fide
“the just shall live by faith”
Humans not granted salvation by good works or by religious ceremonies
Humans granted salvation by faith in Christ alone received from the grace(gift) of God
Good works the fruit of salvation, not the root of salvationSlide9
1517-Luther posts 95 Theses in WittenbergSlide10
95 Theses
Condemnation of sale of indulgences
Circulated by northern humanists by printing press
Election of Charles 1 of Spain as the new Holy Roman emperor-elected by 7 Imperial electors
Frederick the Wise-one of the lectors and Luther’s protectorsSlide11
The Leipzig debate with Professor John Eck
Challenges the infallibility of the Pope
Justification by faith alone-sola fide
Sovereign authority of the scripture alone-”sola scriptura” against the Papal claimsSlide12
1520-3 famous Pamphlets
The Address to the Christian nobility of the German Nation
The Babylonian Captivity of the Church
The Freedom of the ChristianSlide13
1520-Leo’s Papal bull-Exsurge
Domine
-ML a hereticSlide14
April 1521-Diet of Worms
Meeting of the HRE-headed by Emperor Charles V
Luther order to recant, refuses
“Here I stand” speech
Declared an outlaw to secular authorities
Protected by German princes and elector Frederick at Wartburg castleSlide15
Here I StandSlide16
Lutheranism
Doctrine of “sola fide” and “sola scriptura”
Practice of 2 sacraments-Holy Baptism and Holy Communion (Eucharist)
Doctrine of real presence of Christ in Eucharist-”in, with, and under the bread”
Priesthood of all believers
Clergy allowed to marry
NT in German
Against worship of saints, relics, indulgencesSlide17
Propaganda-16th
century styleSlide18
Pope and his friends as dogs, goats, pigs and demonsSlide19
ML as 7 headed beastSlide20
Papal indulgence hawkers in the Jaws of hellSlide21
Luther as saint and as devils bagpipe
Saint
SinnerSlide22
Imperial distractions
Imperial Wars with France
Advance of the ottoman Turks into Eastern Europe
Charles V-King of Spain and HRE, needed German troops loyal to German princes
Magistrates and Princes of German cities adopt Lutheran reformsSlide23
The Peasants RevoltSlide24
The Peasant’s Revolt
Peasants saw Lutheranism as something that would support political and economic rights
Peasants revolt against landlords-1524-1525
Luther condemns them as “Un-Christian”
Thousands of peasants killed in suppression of revolt
Lutherans not revolutionary in social senseSlide25
The Swiss Reformation
Switzerland loose confederation of 13 autonomous cantons or states
Growth of Swiss nationalism opposing mercenary service
Desire for church reformSlide26
Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)Slide27
Ulrich Zwingli
Friend and student of Erasmus
Critic of Swiss mercenary service
Opposed indulgences , doctrine of purgatory, invocation of saints and religious superstitions not rooted in Scripture
Fathered child with barber’s daughter
Became people’s priest in ZurichSlide28
Zwingli
1522-Broke the Lenten fast
Whatever lacked literal support in scripture was condemned
Raised questions about a host of practices in RC church
Marburg Colloquy-(1529) Meeting between Zwingli and Luther-went badly
Debate over meaning of Eucharist-”spiritual” or “real” presence of Christ in Eucharist
Result-2 different Protestant confessionsSlide29
Swiss Civil Wars
Cantons split-some Protestant and some catholic
2 major battles-one in 1529 and one in 1531
Zwingli wounded and then executed in 2
nd
battle
Treaty allowed each canton to determine its own religion
Zwingli’s followers eventually merged with CalvinismSlide30
The Murder of ZwingliSlide31
Anabaptism
16
th
Century ancestors of Mennonites and Amish
Rejected infant baptism and practiced believers baptism for converted adults
Preached a more radical interpretation of the faith-thought Luther and Zwingli only went half-way
Refused to swear oaths, participate in secular offices, and serve in military-pacifistsSlide32
Anabaptist Reign in Munster
Rebaptism becomes a capital offence
1534-1535-Anabapitis come to power, try to create a new Zion-OT theocracy
Lutherans and Catholics forced to convert or leave-radical practices of polygamy
City besieged by Lutheran and Catholic armies
Anabaptist leaders burned at the stake and boned hanged in cages for all to seeSlide33
MunsterSlide34
Menno Simons (1496-1561)
Founder of the Mennonites
Pacifist separatist AnabaptistsSlide35
The Amish
Split within Swiss Anabaptists
Followers of Jacob
Ammann
Related to but distinct with the Mennonites
45000 live in IndianaSlide36
Amish in IndianaSlide37
The Amish
Practice separation-not connected to electrical grid, television, radio, computers
Ordnung
-set of rules passed down from generation from generation
Rumspringen
Practice of shunning
Speak Pennsylvania Dutch and dialect of Swiss German in Indiana communities
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fWR7_PkyJ2MSlide38
Welcome to Elkhart, IndianaSlide39
Amish in IndianaSlide40
Amish humorSlide41
The Spiritualists
Disdain for external, institutional religion
Believed in the direct communion of the Holy Spirit in the hearts of believers
Caspar Schwenckfeld-Schwenckfeldian church
1734vCame to PennsylvaniaSlide42
Jean (John) CalvinSlide43
John Calvin
Born to well to do French family
Educated lawyer who embraced reform in the church
Institutes of the Christian Faith
-Definitive theological statement of the Protestant FaithSlide44
Calvinism-theology
The Sovereignty of God-God I supreme over all creation, knows all things and has all power
Total depravity-All have sinned all fall short of the glory of God
Unconditional Election-God predestined some to be saved and some to be damned-It is God’s choice
Limited Atonement—Jesus dies for the Elect
Irresistible Grace-The elect cannot resist the grace of God
Perseverance of the Saints-once saved, always savedSlide45
Doctrine of predestination
Doctrine for mature Christians
Doctrine of assurance
God is in control of all things from the beginning to the end
The elect would have good works and conform their will to the will of God if they were truly part of the electSlide46
Geneva and Calvin’s church
Late 1520’s-Geneva revolts against
prince-bishop
1536-Geneva votes to adopt Reformation practices
1536-Calvin draws up articles of governance and new catechism
1540-Geneva implements new ecclesiastical ordinancesSlide47
Geneva cont
1. Pastors
2. Teachers and doctors of the faith
3. Elders-12 laypeople who oversaw the faith and life of the church to maintain discipline
4. Deacons to dispense good works
Goal: Create the city of God on earth-transform society both spiritually and morally
1555-Geneva home to thousands of exiled CalvinistsSlide48
Consistory
12 elders and pastors that served as church court to inspect people’s lives and enforce disciplineSlide49
Calvinism
Puritans-England
Presbyterians-Scotland
Hugenots
-France
Doctrine of Predestination and the Elect
“4 walls and a sermon”
Emphasis on Sabbath observance
Importance of catechismSlide50
Westminster Catechism
WESTMINSTER LARGER CATECHISM
Q. 1.
What is the chief and highest end of man?
A.
Man's chief and highest end is to glorify God,[a] and fully to enjoy him forever.[b]Slide51
Antitrinitarians
Commonsense, rational, and ethical religion
Religious toleration and freedom of conscience
Leader was Spaniard Michael Servetus-executed in Geneva by John Calvin for blasphemy
Strong opponents of Calvinism
Forerunners of Unitarianism Slide52
Political Consolidation
1530-Diet of Augsburg-Charles V orders all Lutherans convert back to
Catholicsm
1530-Lutherans adopt Augsburg Confession-statement of Lutheran belief
1531-Formation of the
Schmalkaldic
League-Lutheran defensive alliance
1540’s-Charles V sends Imperial armies to crush ProtestantsSlide53
The Map of European religionsSlide54
Peace of Augsburg-1555
Made the division permanent
“
Curius
regio
,
eius
religio
” The ruler of the land would determine its religion
Recognized in fact what was already in practice
Did not extend religious recognition to Calvinism and AnabaptismSlide55
The King’s Great MatterSlide56
The English Reformation-Preconditions
Lollardy
-anti-catholic reform movement in the mid-14
th
Century-followers of john Wycliffe
William Tyndale-translated NT into English 1524-25
Widespread humanism and anti-clerical sentimentSlide57
Henry VIII
Marriage to Catherine of Aragon
Father to one daughter Mary-many miscarriages and stillbirths, also lost some of her youthful beauty
God’s Punishment?? Catherine was the wife of Henry’s older brother Arthur
Forbidden by canon and biblical law
Leviticus 18:16
: “If a man shall take his brother’s wife, it is an unclean thing, they shall be childless.”
Special dispensation from Pope Julius 2Slide58
1527-The Kings has an Affair
Anne Boleyn-Catherine’s lady in waiting
Henry demands a papal annulment so he can put away Catherine and marry Ann Boleyn
1527-Imperial soldiers capture Rome, Pope Clement a virtual prisoner of Charles VSlide59
Cardinal Wolsey
Powerful cardinal who was Henry’s Lord Chancellor was put in charge of securing the divorce-failure
Dismissed in disgrace in 1529Slide60
Thomas Cromwell
Lutheran sympathizer who became King’s chancellor
No way to papal annulment
Declare Henry head of the English churchSlide61
The Reformation Parliament
1533-Henry weds Anne
Bolelyn
, secretly pregnant
1533-Acts on Restraints of Appeals-no appeals to the Pope, marriage made null and void
1534-Act of Supremacy-Henry VIII the head of the Church of England , not the Pope
1534-Act of Succession-Anne Boleyn’s children only legitimate heir to the throneSlide62
The MarriageSlide63
Acts of Restraints of AppealsSlide64
Opposition
Sir Thomas More refuses to recognize Acts of Parliament
Executed by Henry VII
1536 and 1538-Parliament dissolves England’s Monasteries and nunneries
Henry seizes church lands and propertySlide65
The King’s Religious convictions
Henry conservative on religious matters
On the 7 Sacraments-
he
had been named Defender of the Faith
6 articles of 1539
Reaffirmed transubstantiation, denied the cup to laity, declared celibacy mandatory, invocation of saintsSlide66
Henry’s successors
Henry dies in 1553
Edward VI only 10 years old
Full scale Protestant reformation enacted
1549-Act of Uniformity imposes Thomas Cranmer’s Book of Common Prayer
42 Article of Faith by Thomas Cranmer
1553-1558-Mary 1-restored Catholic doctrine and practice
1558-1603-Elizabeth 1-Anglican settlementSlide67
Thomas Cranmer
"WE do not
preſume
to come to this thy table (o
mercifull
lord)
truſting
in our
owne
righteouſnes
, but in thy manifold & great mercies: we be not
woorthie
ſo
much as to gather up the
cromes
under thy table: but thou art the
ſame
lorde
whoſe
propertie
is
alwayes
to have
mercie
:
Graunt
us therefore (gracious
lorde
)
ſo
to
eate
the
fleſhe
of thy
dere
ſonne
Jeſus
Chriſt
, and to
drynke
his
bloud
in
theſe
holy
Miſteries
, that we may
continuallye
dwell in
hym
, and he in us, that our
ſynfull
bodyes
may bee made
cleane
by his body, and our
ſoules
waſhed
through
hys
moſt
precious
bloud
. Amen.
"
"WE do not presume to come to this thy Table (O merciful Lord) trusting in our own righteousness, but in thy manifold and great mercies. We be not worthy so much as to gather up the crumbs under thy Table. But thou art the same Lord, whose property is always to have mercy: Grant us therefore, gracious Lord, so to eat the Flesh of thy dear Son Jesus Christ, and to drink his Blood, in these holy Mysteries, that we may continually dwell in him, and he in us, that our sinful bodies may be made clean by his Body, and our souls washed through his most precious Blood. Amen."Slide68
The Catholic Counter Reformation-internal reform
Founding of new religious orders
Spanish mysticism
Saint Teresa of Avila
Saint John of the CrossSlide69
Mysticism-St Theresa
I saw in his hand a long spear of gold, and at the point there seemed to be a little fire. He appeared to me to be thrusting it at times into my heart, and to pierce my very entrails; when he drew it out, he seemed to draw them out also, and to leave me all on fire with a great love of God. The pain was so great, that it made me moan; and yet so surpassing was the sweetness of this excessive pain, that I could not wish to be rid of it...Slide70
The Jesuits
Ignatius of Loyola-Society of Jesus
The Jesuits-soldiers of Christ
Spiritual Exercises-Devotional guide that encouraged religious and moral self-discipline
Encouraged absolute devotion to the ChurchSlide71
St. Francis XavierSlide72
Father Jacques MarquetteSlide73
The Council of Trent 1545-1563
Reassertion of church doctrine
Ended worse abuses of selling church offices and church goods
Better training of priests-set up seminaries
Reaffirmed traditional Catholic doctrines
Set up Index and InquisitionSlide74
Magisterial reformers
Lutheran,
Zwinglian
, and Calvinist reformers
Worked within framework of reigning political powers
Wanted reform within reigning laws and institutions
Some see them as essentially conservative forces and accepting of sociopolitical status quoSlide75
Education
Implementation of education reforms of humanism in new Protestant schools and universities
Studia
humanitatis
-study of the humanitiesSlide76
Relief of the Poor
Pre-reformation-charity of each individual Christian
Rise of
prot
reformation-poor houses and collections for the poor
1495-Vagabond Act of 1495
Poor laws passed in 1600s
Deserving and Undeserving poor
“The Worthy Poor”Slide77
Role of Women
Favored clerical marriage and opposed monasticism (convents and nunneries)
Opposed medieval depiction of women as temptresses (Eve) and exalted as virgin (Mary)
Women praised as wives and mothers
Sacredness of home and family-The Holy Household
Idea of companionate marriage
Women gained right to divorce and remarrySlide78
Marriage
Marriage at later ages-men in their mid to late 20’s, women in their early to mid 20’s
Requirement of parental consent and public vows
Late marriage and material problems
1 in 5 women never married-15 % unmarried widows
Arranged marriages-parents discussed the terms of the marriage-”love” and marriageSlide79
Marriage and family
Nuclear family-father and mother and 2-4 children
Average husband and wife had 6-7 children
1/3 died by age 5, ½ by teens
Child death and families
Artificial birth control-opposed by church
Support of hired wet nurses-opposed by ChurchSlide80
Miguel de Cervantes
Saavedra
Wrote in deeply Catholic Spain
Aggressive piety of Catholic rulers
Preoccupation with honor and loyalty
1603-
Don Quixote
Story of middle aged man who has come to believe he is a brave knight and tries to prove it with heroic deedsSlide81
William Shakespeare
Greatest playwright of the English language
Wrote histories, comedies, and tragedies
Richard III, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth
Wildly popular and touched on universal themes
Political conservative who accepted social rankings and power structureSlide82
Witch Persecution 1480-1700Slide83
Witches
Outbreaks of Witch related hysteria start to break out in early 1500’s
1515-Geneva, Switzerland-burn 500 suspected witches at the stake
1524-1000 executions in Como, Italy
1571-Witch hysteria sweeps through
Frannce
1500-1660-Between 50,000 and 80,000 executed as witches
26000 dead in GermanySlide84
Cunning Folk
Folk healers who used folk medicine or folk remedies-”white magic”Slide85
Maleficium
Latin term for wrongdoing or mischief to people or propertySlide86
Diabolism
Devil-worshipSlide87
The Malleus
Maleficarum
The Hammer of Witches
Heinrich Kramer and James
Sprenger
Professional manual for witch huntersSlide88
Malleus
Maleficarum
Answers skeptics who don’t believe in witches
Singles out women as the source of evil, especially midwives
Lays out procedures for trials and executionsSlide89
Misogyny and the Hammer
But because in these times this perfidy is more often found in women than in men, as we learn by actual experience, if anyone is curious as to the reason, we may add to what has already been said the following: that since they are feebler both in mind and body, it is not surprising that they should come more under the spell of witchcraft . . .
But the natural reason is that she is more carnal than a man, as is clear from her many carnal abominations. And it should be noted that there was a defect in the formation of the first woman, since she was formed from a bent rib, that is, a rib of the breast, which is bent as it were in a contrary direction to a man. And since through this defect she is an imperfect animal, she always deceives . . .
And indeed, just as through the first defect in their intelligence that are more prone to abjure the faith; so through their second defect of inordinate affections and passions they search for, brood over, and inflict various vengeances, either by witchcraft, or by some other means. Wherefore it is no wonder that so great a number of witches exist in this sex . . .
To conclude. All witchcraft comes from carnal lust, which is in women insatiable.
Slide90
What witches do!
The
Malleus
Maleficarum
,
describes how witches were known to "collect male organs in great numbers, as many as twenty or thirty members together, and put them in a bird's nest..." The manual recounts a story of a man who, having lost his penis, went to a witch to have it restored:
She told the afflicted man to climb a certain tree, and that he might take which he liked out of a nest in which there were several members. And when he tried to take a big one, the witch said: You must not take that one; adding, because it belonged to a parish priest.