PPT-Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, or substances that yield

Most of the carbohydrates have the empirical formula CH 2 On some also contain nitrogen phosphorus or sulfur There are three major size classes of carbohydrates monosaccharides oligosaccharides. Dr. Talat R. Al-Ramadhany. Introduction . Aldehydes are compounds of the general formula . RCHO. ;. Ketones are compounds of the general formula . RR´CO. . The groups R and R´ may be aliphatic or aromatic. . 18-4. Alkylation of enolates can be difficult to control.. The alkylation of an aldehyde or ketone enolate is an example of a nucleophilic substitution reaction.. The alkylation of aldehydes and ketones is complicated by several unwanted side reactions.. In General. Fragrant odors. Basic building block of housing materials. Hormones. Digestion. Vision. 2. In General. Carbonyl group. C=O. Aldehydes. RCH=O. Formyl. Ketones. RC=OR’. 3. Nomenclature. The Civet Cat is the original source of . civetone. , a sweet and pungent ketone used as a fixative in perfumery. Aldehydes and ketones are found in many fragrant odors of many fruits, fine perfumes, hormones etc. some examples are listed below.. Project by. : K.A.M.I.K.. Function. Carbohydrates are also knows as saccharides, which comes from the Greek word . sákkharon. meaning “sugar”. Carbohydrates serve a number of different purposes in living organisms, but their main function is to store energy. Carbohydrates also serve as structural components, such as cellulose in plants. 17-1. The aldehyde function takes precedence over the ketone group in nomenclature.. Simpler aldehydes often retain their common names. These are constructed by dropping the –. ic. or –. oic. . Before you can learn about aldehydes and ketones, you must first know something about the nomenclature of carboxylic acids since many of the names of aldehydes and ketones are derived from the names of the corresponding carboxylic acids.. 17-4. Laboratory syntheses of aldehydes and ketones use four common methods.. Oxidation of alcohols:. Ozonolysis:. Hydration of the carbon-carbon triple bond y. ields enols that tautomerize to carbonyl compounds.. The Civet Cat is the original source of civetone, a sweet and pungent ketone used as a fixative in perfumery. Aldehydes and ketones are found in many fragrant odors of many fruits, fine perfumes, hormones etc. some examples are listed below.. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates serve a variety of functions E nergy storage and food Structure and support Lubrication Protection Recognition and signaling Component of nucleotides starch mucin (glycoprotein) Carbonyl Compounds. Contain the carbonyl group . C=O. . Aldehydes: . R may be hydrogen, usually a carbon containing group. Ketones: . R contains carbon. Short. forms. Structures of Aldehydes . and Ketones. Carbohydrates. Are the most common type of organic compound. Examples: Starch or sugar. Is used to store energy. Are built in repeating units to make a larger molecule. Contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Shatha. I . Alaqeel. 108 . Chem. Learning Objectives. Chapter eight . discusses. . carbonyl . compounds. and . by the end of this chapter the students will:. Know the structural differences between aldehydes and ketones. SIMPLE & COMPLEX.. They are called carbohydrates because, at the chemical level, they contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.. Unlike essential amino acids and fatty acids, there are no essential carbohydrates. This means we can obtain everything we need nutritionally from other food sources, so carbs are not necessary to maintain life..