Jenneys First Year Latin Lesson 11 Vocabulary List 11 3 rd amp 4 th Principal Parts of Verbs The Perfect Tense Formation of Adverbs Vocabulary List 11 animus animī m mind spirit arma ID: 768180
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Jenney’s First Year LatinLesson 11 Vocabulary List 11 3 rd & 4 th Principal Parts of Verbs The Perfect Tense Formation of Adverbs
Vocabulary List 11
animus, animī, m . mind, spirit
arma, armōrum , n . (pl.) arms
auxilium, auxiliī , n . help, aid
auxilia, auxiliōrum , n . auxiliary troops, reinforcements
captīvus, captīvī , m . captive
castra, castrōrum , n . (pl.) camp
cōnsilium, cōnsiliī , n . advice; plan
cōpia, cōpiae , f . plenty, supply
cōpiae, cōpiārum , f . (pl.) forces, troops
fāma, fāmae , f . rumor, report, reputation
fuga, fugae , f . flight
impedīmentum, impedīmentī , n . hindrance
impedīmenta, impedīmentōrum , n . (pl.) baggage
numerus, numerī , m . number, group
proelium, proel(i)ī , n . battle
signum, signī , n . signal, sign, military standard
tēlum, tēlī , n . weapon
Formation & Translation of Adverbs
AdverbsJust like in English, in Latin adverbs are words that describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs Adverbs are formed from adjectives To form adverbs from 2-1-2 adjectives : Find the adj. stem (take the –a off of the nom. sg . fem. form from the dictionary entry) Add – ē
Adverbs E.G.: laetus, laeta, laetum : happy laet – + – ē = laet ē : happi ly pulcher , pulchra, pulchrum : beautiful pulchr – + – ē = pulchr ē : beautiful ly
Adverbs Exceptions : Some adverbs are formed irregularly and must be memorized E.G.: bonus, bona, bonum: good adv. = bene : well malus , mala, malum : bad adv. = male : badly magnus, magna, magnum: great adv. = magnopere : greatly
The Principal Parts of a Latin Verb
Principal Parts - Reviewmost Latin verbs have 4 principal parts (some have 3) these are the 3 or 4 most essential forms of any verb tell you everything you need to identify, form, and translate any form of a Latin verb think of these as the ‘building blocks’ of Latin verbs
1st & 2 nd Principal Parts oppugnō oppugnāre 1 st SG Present Active Indicative “I _________” present active infinitive vowel next to – re tells you verb’s conjugation find present stem by dropping – re “to _________” 1 st PP 2 nd PP
3rd & 4 th Principal Parts oppugnāvī oppugnātus 1 st SG Perfect Active Indicative “I have _________ ed ” find perfect stem by dropping – ī perfect passive participle (when ends in –us in dict. entry) “having been _______ ed ” [supine (when ends in –um in dict. entry)] 3 rd PP 4 th PP
The Perfect Tense
Basics of the Perfect Tense Perfect tense is another of Latin’s past tenses different from impf. in that you can nail it down on a timeline ( actions have a clear end point ) Perfect tense expresses completed action in past time Can be translated 3 ways in English : has/have ___________ ed (present perfect) ___________ ed (simple past) did _____________ (emphatic past)
The Perfect Tense – FormationHow to form? perfect stem + perfect active personal endings Finding the perfect stem : Go to the 3 rd PP Take off the – ī E.G. : vocō , vocāre , vocāvī , vocātum : to call Perfect Stem = vocāv –
The Perfect Tense – Formation How to form? perfect stem + perfect active personal endings Add the perfect active personal endings : Perf . is the only tense that has its own set of personal endings These are diff. from the personal endings we know BUT, some of them still follow the same pattern SG PL 1 st 2 nd 3 rd
The Perfect Tense – Formation How to form? perfect stem + perfect active personal endings Add the perfect active personal endings : Perf . is the only tense that has its own set of personal endings These are diff. from the personal endings we know BUT, some of them still follow the same pattern SG PL 1 st – ī 2 nd 3 rd
The Perfect Tense – Formation How to form? perfect stem + perfect active personal endings Add the perfect active personal endings : Perf . is the only tense that has its own set of personal endings These are diff. from the personal endings we know BUT, some of them still follow the same pattern SG PL 1 st – ī 2 nd – isti 3 rd
The Perfect Tense – Formation How to form? perfect stem + perfect active personal endings Add the perfect active personal endings : Perf . is the only tense that has its own set of personal endings These are diff. from the personal endings we know BUT, some of them still follow the same pattern SG PL 1 st – ī 2 nd – isti 3 rd –it
The Perfect Tense – Formation How to form? perfect stem + perfect active personal endings Add the perfect active personal endings : Perf . is the only tense that has its own set of personal endings These are diff. from the personal endings we know BUT, some of them still follow the same pattern SG PL 1 st – ī – imus 2 nd – isti 3 rd –it
The Perfect Tense – Formation How to form? perfect stem + perfect active personal endings Add the perfect active personal endings : Perf . is the only tense that has its own set of personal endings These are diff. from the personal endings we know BUT, some of them still follow the same pattern SG PL 1 st – ī – imus 2 nd – isti – istis 3 rd –it
The Perfect Tense – Formation How to form? perfect stem + perfect active personal endings Add the perfect active personal endings : Perf . is the only tense that has its own set of personal endings These are diff. from the personal endings we know BUT, some of them still follow the same pattern SG PL 1 st – ī – imus 2 nd – isti – istis 3 rd –it – ērunt
The Perfect Tense – Formation So… perfect stem + perfect active personal endings 3 rd PP – - ī + SG PL 1 st – ī – imus 2 nd – isti – istis 3 rd –it – ērunt
Morphology Practice nāvigō , nāvigāre , nāvigāvī , nāvigātus : to Perf . Stem: ______________ SG PL 1 st 2 nd 3 rd
Morphology Practice nāvigō , nāvigāre , nāvigāvī , nāvigātus : to Perf . Stem: nāvigāv – SG PL 1 st 2 nd 3 rd
Morphology Practice nāvigō , nāvigāre , nāvigāvī , nāvigātus : to Perf . Stem: nāvigāv – SG PL 1 st nāvigāv ī nāvigāv imus 2 nd nāvigāv isti nāvigāv istis 3 rd nāvigāv it nāvigāv ērunt
The Perfect Tense SongSing to the tune of “The Addams Family” theme song For action that’s completed And not the kind repeated The way it must be treated Is with the perfect tense (repeat) ––– "– ī " "– isti " "– it " (snap, snap) That’s how you start (snap, snap) "– imus " for "we" "– istis " "– ērunt " For the plural part (snap, snap)