Jenneys First Year Latin Lesson 2 Lesson 2 Vocabulary Basics of Latin Verbs Present Tense of 1 st Conjugation Verbs SubjectVerb Agreement Accusative of Direct Object Lesson 2 Vocabulary amō ID: 773623
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Jenney’s First Year LatinLesson 2 Lesson 2 Vocabulary Basics of Latin Verbs Present Tense of 1 st Conjugation Verbs Subject-Verb Agreement Accusative of Direct Object
Lesson 2 Vocabulary
amō, amāre, amāvī , amātus to love
dō, dare, dedī, datus to give
laudō, laudāre, laudāvī , laudātus to praise
nāvigō, nāvigāre, nāvigāvī , nāvigātus to sail
occupō, occupāre, occupāvī , occupātus to seize, capture
parō, parāre, parāvī , parātus to prepare, prepare for
portō, portāre, portāvī , portātus to carry
pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī , pugnātus to fight
spectō, spectāre, spectāvī , spectātus to watch, look at
vocō, vocāre, vocāvī , vocātus to call
adto, towards
cumwith
etand
sed but
nōnnot
amīcitia, amīcitiae, f . friendship
patria, patriae, f . country, fatherland, native land
Latin Verbs – The Basics
Basics – ConjugationsLike English verbs, verbs in Latin express an action or state of being Latin verbs are inflected the inflection of verbs is called conjugation Like nouns, verbs are divided into families. these families are called conjugations ; there are 4 (1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd , and 4 th )
Characteristics of Latin VerbsVerbs have FIVE characteristics Person NumberTenseVoice Mood
Characteristic 1: PersonPerson indicates who the subject of the verb is with reference to the speaker There are THREE persons in both numbers: 1 st, 2 nd , and 3 rd In English, we show person by personal pronouns Person Singular Plural 1 st I We 2 nd You You (pl.) [y’all] 3 rd he/she/it they
Characteristic 1: PersonIn Latin, person is shown by personal endings Person Singular Plural 1 st ō / m mus 2 nd s tis 3 rd t nt
Characteristic 2: NumberJust like nouns, verbs can be either singular or plural Number is coded into the personal endings
ReviewSo, just like nouns have case endings , verbs have personal endings Two important pieces of information are coded into the endings of both nouns & verbs: Nouns: case and numberVerbs: person and number
Characteristic 3: TenseTense (<tempus, temporis , n .: time) tells you when the action or state of being of the verb is happeningThere are six tenses: present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future perfect. (see timeline) Present Tense: indicates the verb is happening or being NOW
Characteristics – A ReviewVerbs belong to families, called conjugations there are 4: 1 st , 2nd, 3rd , and 4 th Verbs have five characteristics : person, number, tense, voice, and mood Person indicates who the subject of the verb is with reference to the speaker Tense indicates the time when the action is taking place
Dictionary EntryMost verbs have four principal parts Dictionary entry = principal parts + definition pugnō , pugnāre , pugnāvī , pugnātus : to fight 1 2 3 4 5
Dictionary Entrypugnō , pugnāre , pugnāvī, pugnātus : to fight 1 2 3 4 5 pugnō – 1 st Principal Part 1 st SG present tense form (“I fight”)
Dictionary Entrypugnō , pugnāre , pugnāvī, pugnātus : to fight 1 2 3 4 5 2. pugnāre – 2 nd Principal Part Present Infinitive (“to fight”) Vowel next to ending – re tells you a verbs conjugation [– ā – = 1 st conjugation] Dropping the – re gives you present stem
Dictionary Entrypugnō , pugnāre , pugnāvī, pugnātus : to fight 1 2 3 4 5 3 - 4 . pugnāvī , pugnātus – 3 rd -4 th Principal Parts don’t worry about these for now 5. to fight – definition/meaning definition should always be in the infinitive form (to…)
Forming the Present TenseFind the PRESENT STEM go to the 2 nd principal partdrop the – re Add the PERSONAL ENDINGS - ō/m , - s , - t , - mus , - tis , - nt e.g. pugnō , pugnāre , pugnāvī , pugnātus : to fight
Translating the Present Tense Latin does not have special forms for progressive or emphatic verbs So, present tense verbs can be translated from Latin THREE ways: am/is/are ___________ ing (present progressive) _____________ s (simple present) does/do _____________ (emphatic present)
Translating the Present Tense E.g.: Pugnāmus . We fight.We are fighting. We do fight.
Subject Verb Agreement
Subject Verb AgreementAll subjects must agree with (aka match) their verbs in person and number singular verbs must have singular subjects plural verbs must have plural subjects NO EXCEPTIONS!
Subject Verb AgreementAgricol a puellam amat . [ sg . subject + sg . verb] The farmer loves the girl. Agricol ae pugna nt . [pl. subject + pl. verb] The farmers are fighting.
Accusative of Direct Object
Recap…subject of a sentence = doer of the action or state of being subject is represented by the nominative case in Latin
Accusative of Direct Object direct object = the receiver of the action of a verbdirect object is represented by the accusative case in Latin Poēt ās laudāmus . We praise the poets . Puella poet am laudat . The girl is praising the poet .