Reformation and Renaissance - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Reformation

and

RenaissanceSlide2

Fiscal-Military States and Religious Upheavals

European

population recovered following Black Death in 1348.

Population

grew to 120 million by 1750.

Much

of Europe was divided

politically into

independent or autonomous units.

Competition

between states and

units

Particularly

France and Habsburg Spain.

Sixteenth

century began with consolidation of power.

France

took over Burgundy and attempted to take over Italian cities.

Habsburg

Charles V proclaimed Holy Roman Emperor, and acquired

Bohemia and

part of Hungary.

Some

states acquired power and land:

Poland

, Prussia, Sweden, and Russia

.Slide3
Slide4
Slide5

Military innovations of the seventeenth century led to larger and more uniform armies.

Flintlock muskets

Uniforms

Peacetime training

Sweden introduced the line infantry, of three lines of muskets.

New larger militaries required more taxpayer money.

New taxes limited by opposition of noble classes, cities, and villagers.

Tax limits led many countries to borrow money or sell offices.

Netherlands was an exception.

As its urban population grew, it increased fees, and revenues from charters.Slide6

Ivan IV

1533 – 1547

Charles V

1516 – 1558

Suleiman

1529

– 1566

Henry VIII

1509 – 1547

Francis I

1515 – 1547

Humayun

1530 – 1556Slide7

The Hapsburg Empire

Flanders

Burgundy,

Naples

Sicily

Austria

Spain

Aztec EmpireInca EmpireSlide8

Who were the Hapsburgs?

Charles I (of Spain)

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Philip II

, “the Handsome”

Joanna

, “the Mad”

Ferdinand II

and

Isabella I(Spain)

Maximilian I, Holy Roman EmperorMary

, Duchess of Burgundy(Austria, Burgundy and Burgundian Netherlands)Slide9
Slide10

Religious Discontent

Laypeople and lower clergy uneasy about alliances between upper clergy and rulers.

Papacy trying to regain power after Great Schism.

Lay piety growing,

printing press (from c. 1450)

popularity of devotional tracts.

Church Schisms

East-West Schism - 1058

Western Schism - 1378 – 1418 Reformation - Begins in 1517Slide11

Throughout the fifteenth century, laity of all classes was involved with faith,

Donations,

Mass

Sacraments

Study groups.Slide12

Papacy involved with politics

. . . supported by dues and sale of indulgences.

Indulgence:

“. . . the extra-sacramental remission of the temporal punishment due, in God's justice, to sin that has been forgiven, which remission is granted by the Church . . .”Slide13

Johann Tetzel, a Dominican, began to sell indulgences in Germany

"As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."Slide14
Slide15

Martin Luther (1481 – 1546)

An Augustinian monk in Wittenberg , Saxony

In 1517 wrote a letter to his archbishop with 95 theses about the sale of indulgences, which he saw as contrary to scripture.

Theses translated into German and the Protestant Reformation began.

Luther proposed four reforms of the church (the basis of Protestantism).

Salvation by faith alone.

Priesthood of all believers, and no separate clergy as mediators.

German princes should reform the church in their lands.

Bible translated into German and made available to all.Slide16

The Duke of Saxony supported Luther’s reforms and created a state church.

Emperor Charles V opposed Luther,

but his attention was divided between Ottoman threat and rivalry with France.

Peasants across Germany supported Luther, which led to the Peasants’ War and the death of 100,000 people.

Some German princes, the Danish and Swedish kings, and Henry VIII of England created national Protestant churches.Slide17

Francis I of France

Supported the pope

Exiled French Protestants.

John Calvin, a French lawyer, went into exile in Switzerland.

Created Protestant cities, such as Geneva.

Wrote the

Institutes of the Christian Religion

.In contrast to Luther, Calvin believed in:PredestinationEnforced moralityIndependent congregations not run by the state.Slide18
Slide19

Counter-Reformation was the church’s attempt to reform while reaffirming belief in:

Good works

P

riestly mediation

Monasticism

Centralized control.

Sale of indulgences were phased out along with other “corrupt” practices.

Papal inquisition revived Index of Prohibited Books published.Jesuit order, created by Ignatius Loyola, devoted itself to education and missionary work in converting Protestant and non-Christians.Slide20

French Calvinists, known as Huguenots, represented 10 percent of the French population.

Too many to imprison and execute

Organized as a separate church.

Catholics and Huguenots often fought, and interrupted each other’s services.

Queen mother, Catherine

de’Medicis

, acting as regent for her son, made Huguenot worship legal as long as it took place outside cities.

Duke of Lorraine killed 74 Huguenots in violation of this order.Violence escalated to a civil war from 1562 to 1598.“The Wars of Religion”Slide21

Catherine arranged a marriage between her daughter and the leader of

the Huguenots

, King Henry III of Navarre.

On

St. Bartholomew’s Day (August 24, 1572), shortly after the wedding,

Catholics

killed thousands of Huguenots across France.Slide22

The War of the Three Henrys

1587 – 1589

The Catholic

League:

Henry, Duke of

Guise

Supported by Spain

Assassinated by the King’s guardsThe Royalists: Henry III of France Assassinated by a fanatic monkThe

Huguenots: Henry IV of Navarre Becomes King of FranceSlide23

In

1589, Henry became Henry IV of France and a Catholic.

“Paris is worth a Mass.”

Henry

issued the Edict of

Nantes allowing

religious freedom for Protestants.

In 1685 Louis XIV revoked the Edict.Slide24

Spain and Holland

Many in the Netherlands converted to Calvinism.

Philip II, king of Spain, became the ruler of the Netherlands in 1556.

Encouraged Jesuits and the Inquisition to persecute Calvinists.

Dutch Protestants turned war of religion into war of liberation from Spain.

United Provinces of the Dutch Republic created

A mixed religious population and tolerant.Slide25

Charles V abdicated in 1555

His son, Phillip II

:

Spain

The Netherlands

Lombardy

Naples – Sicily

His brother, Ferdinand: The Hapsburg holdings Title of “Emperor”Slide26

Henry VIII made England Protestant

“Church of England little changed from the Catholic Church

Not reformed enough for radical “Puritans.”

Edward VI retains the Church of England

Mary

R

estores the Catholic Church

Marries Phillip II of SpainElizabeth restores the Church of EnglandSlide27

James VI of Scotland became James I of England in 1603.

Collected taxes without summoning Parliament, who became resentful.

Puritans had a small majority in the House of Commons

wanted more religious reform

fiscal control.

English Civil War, 1642 – 1651

Charles I (son of James) executed in 1649

Puritan leader Oliver Cromwell became “Lord Protector.”Moderates recalled Stuarts (Charles II) in 1661but problems with Parliament and Catholicism.James II deposed in 1688 in the Glorious Revolution

William of Orange and Mary Stuart, the new monarchs Subordinate to ParliamentSlide28

K. Thirty Years’ War began with tensions in Bohemia between Catholic emperor Ferdinand

II and Calvinists.

1. Catholic princes suppressed Bohemian Protestants and chased their leader into

Northern Germany.

a. Took advantage of the opportunity to capture Lutheran territories.

2. Catholics successful until Lutheran King

Gustavus

II Adolphus of Swedenintervened to help German Lutherans.a.

Gustavus also trying to create a fiscal-military state around the Baltic.b. Louis XIII of France, although Catholic, supported Gustavus to preventFerdinand from gaining more power.

3. French intervention kept war going until Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, whichallowed religious freedom in Germany.Slide29

L. Louis XIV, king of France in 1643, created an absolutist state.

1. Reduced power of nobles; required them to be in residence at Versailles.

358

2. Relied on salaried bureaucrats to collect taxes.

a. Sold privileges of collecting taxes and bureaucratic jobs, in exchange for estates,

titles, or hereditary offices.Slide30

M. Tsar Peter I (1682–1725), the Great, Westernized and modernized Russia.

1. Paid Western advisors and administrators in estates, which came with serfs.

2. Reorganized the military, made up of landed nobility and conscripted soldiers.

a. Took a census to determine tax collection, and reclassified many former free

Russians as serfs.Slide31

N. Hohenzollern dynasty of Prussia used army to centralize authority over aristocracy.

1. Becoming kings in 1701, the Hohenzollerns set out to expand Prussia’s land holdings

through an aggressive military.

O. English model of constitutionalism contrasts with absolute monarchies.

1. Still a fiscal-military state, but dominated by Parliament rather than monarch.

2. Central Bank of England used for tax collection and distribution of revenue.

3. Powerful navy supplemented with mercenary land troops.Slide32

The RenaissanceSlide33

Italy

more aware of classical

past

led

to Renaissance thought called Humanism.

Italian

scholars invited Byzantines to bring manuscripts of Plato and Aristotle,

and other Greek and Hellenistic writings.Technical innovations aided in the translations: new simplified Latin script

paper from Islamic SpainPrinting press Flood of new books and translations inspired the study of philology.

Erasmus published a Greek and Latin translation of the New Testament.Medieval documents such as the Donation of Constantine proven to be a fraud based on language and textual research.Renaissance political theory also became sharply critical of the traditional.

Machiavelli wrote of an intuitive political ability called virtu.Successful rulers used any means necessary to retain power.Slide34

Renaissance

art also looked to the classical past for models.

Donatello

and Brunelleschi inspired by Roman imperial statues and

ruins.

Followed da

Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael.

Renaissance style also flourished in northern Germany, in music, and theatre.Musical innovations include development of counterpoint.Theatrical

changes include secular themes, as in commedia dell’arte.Shakespeare typifies the new theatre: Greek and Roman models with contemporary

themes and characters.Slide35
Slide36

Pietro

Perugino (

1481–82

)Slide37

Donatello, 1386 - 1466Slide38

Brunelleschi, 1377 – 1446 Slide39

Leonardo da

Vinci, 1452 - 1519Slide40

Michelangelo

Buonarroti

, 1475 – 1564 Slide41

Raphael

Sanzio

da

Urbino

, 1483 -1520 Slide42

New Science

. . . replaced

centuries of Aristotelian belief in an earth-centered universe.

Nicholas Copernicus

challenged traditional Aristotelian–Ptolemaic

thought about the universe.

conceived

of a heliocentric universe instead.Galileo used the new telescope and supported Copernican heliocentrism.Counter-Reformation

Inquisition objected apparent contradiction to the Bible.In 1632 Galileo placed under house arrest and renounced heliocentrism

.Slide43

Isaac

Newton (d. 1727) made two important contributions to New Science:

calculus

a

unified theory of physics and astronomy.

Theory

of a deterministic universe governed solely by mathematical principles.Slide44

New

Science used and created technical

innovations

Telescope

Microscope

Thermometer

Air pumps

Barometer.Barometer used by Torricelli and Pascal to discover the vacuum, which will contribute to the development of the steam engine.

Piston driven by steam first developed by French Huguenot Papin.Slide45

New

Science led others to challenge scholastic theology and Aristotelian thought.

Rene

Descartes decides that the only reliable thought was

mathematical

Sensory knowledge

could not be trusted.

“Cartesian rationalism”Francis Bacon invented the empirical method and inductive reasoning.Experimentation and observance of phenomena must precede theory.