18 th Century Big Ideas Commercial rivalries influenced diplomacy and warfare among European states in the early modern era European states followed mercantilist policies by exploiting colonies in the New World and elsewhere ID: 490478
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Slide1
Mercantile Empires
18
th
CenturySlide2
Big Ideas
Commercial
rivalries influenced diplomacy and warfare among European states in the early modern era.
European
states followed mercantilist policies by exploiting colonies in the New World and elsewhere
.
Rivalry
between Britain and France resulted in world wars fought both in Europe and in the colonies, with Britain supplanting France as the greatest European power.Slide3
Vocabulary
Mercantilism
Wealth
=
Power
Whoever
has the most wealth has the most
power
International
trade; whoever gets the most gold or silver
wins
Colonies
were meant to increase wealth through resources or trade, but only with home country: hard to enforce because it was more profitable to trade with other
colonies
Balance of Power – distribution of power among several states such that no single nation can dominate or interfere with the interests of anotherSlide4
Atlantic Economy (p. 559)
Triangular Trade
European commodities (guns and textiles) Africa
Slaves colonies
Colonial goods (cotton, tobacco and sugar) Europe
England colonial monopolies, stimulated manufacturing jobs, Industrial Revolution
France Saint-Domingue, merchant class (political reformers)
Spain resurgence in silver, debt peonage (indigenous “serfdom’)Slide5
Treaty of Utrecht (1713)
Spain
: South America except for Brazil; Florida, Mexico, California & N. American Southwest; Central America; Caribbean possessions
Britain
: N. Atlantic seaboard, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland; Caribbean possessions; trading posts on Indian subcontinent
France
: St. Lawrence, Ohio, & Mississippi river valleys; Caribbean possessions; trading posts in India & West Africa
Netherlands
: Surinam (S. America); Cape Colony (S. Africa); trading posts in West Africa, Sri Lanka, & India; also controlled trade with Java in SE PacificSlide6
Navigation Acts (Britain)
1651-1663
Military power and private wealth
Imported goods must be carried by British ships with British crew
Colonies must ship products to Britain and only by from Britain
Economic Warfare
Targeted the Dutch
ahead in shipping and trade
Anglo-Dutch wars (1652-1674) Britain takes NA Dutch coloniesSlide7
War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)
Prussia (Fredrick II) takes Silesia from Austria (Maria Theresa)
Britain joins Austria & France joins Prussia
France takes British control Madras, India
Britain takes control of France holding in North America
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
All captured territory returned
Except Silesia
guaranteed another warSlide8
Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)
Austria wanted Silesia back
New alliances: Britain & Prussia v. Austria, France and Russia
First “world war” because it was fought in Europe, India and North America
Europe
Generally a stalemate
Peace of
Hubertusburg
(1763)
all territories returned & Prussia keeps SilesiaSlide9
Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)
India
Used rival Indian princes against each other
Britain wins
France leaves India
French and Indian War (North America)
Batter over Gulf of St. Lawrence and Ohio River Valley
William Pitt the Elder
convinced that fight was needed to create British empire
Treaty of Paris
France looses land from Canada and east of Mississippi River to Britain
Spain loses Florida to Britain
France gives Louisiana to Spain