By Claudia Schmidt MS LPC Mental health supervisor Nueces county juvenile justice center What is Anger An emotional state that can vary in intensity from mild annoyance to rage Spielberger ID: 550244
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Slide1
Anger & Adolescents
By: Claudia Schmidt , MS,
LPC
Mental health supervisor
Nueces county juvenile justice centerSlide2
What is
Anger
?
An emotional state that can vary in intensity from mild annoyance to rage (
Spielberger
, Jacobs, Russell, Crane, 1985).
Anger is an emotional state typically accompanied by psychological and biological changes.
Is Anger
good or bad?
What does Anger look like in boys?
What does Anger look like in girls?Slide3
Why Learn About Anger?
Aggression in youth is one of the most frequent reasons for a psychiatric referral.
Adolescent aggression represents a major public health concern.Males commit more violent crimes than females, although aggression in females is increasing.
Recent survey found 23% increase in violent crime arrests for adolescent females. vs. 11% in males.
44% of guns used in crimes were owned by persons younger than 25, with 11% belonging to those younger than 17.
(Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
2000
)Slide4
Adolescents & Anger
Boys and Girls typically respond to distressing events in somewhat different way
Boys externalize their emotion as anger (
Chuick
et al., 2009;
Magovcevic
& Addis, 2008)
Girls internalize it through rumination (Rood,
Roelofs
,
Bogels
, Nolen-
Hoeksema
, & Schouten, 2009).
Rumination- focused attention on the symptoms of one’s distress
Uncontrolled anger can be a significant problem for adolescents and can result in depression, suicidal tendencies, substance abuse, hostility, rage, violence, and crime. Slide5
Types of Anger
Spielberger
(1999) identified two aspects of anger:state anger in which the individual responds emotionally to circumstances
trait anger which is a more pervasive/unwelcome response (intense rage)
State Anger
Temporary emotional reaction (Emotion response)
Trait Anger
Tendency to react angrily to perceived situations (Physical response)Slide6
N
ormal versus Maladaptive
Pathological aggression:
Occurs outside an expectable social context
Either in the absence of antecedent cues or with an intensity, frequency, duration &/or severity that is disproportionate to its causes
It generally doesn’t terminate within an appropriate timeframe and in response to feedback.(
Newcorn
, Ivanov, Chacko,
Halperin
, 2010)Slide7
F
emale
Adolescents & Anger
Internalize their feelings
Sadness
Crying
Moodiness
Yelling, argumentative, fighting
Feminine gender role denounces the direct expression of anger. It has been suggested that this inability to express anger when emotionally aroused results in frustration that is discharged through tears (Crawford, Kippax, Onyx, Gault, & Benton, 1992;
Eatough
, Smith, & Shaw, 2008).Slide8
M
ale
Adolescent & Anger
Externalizing
Outbursts
Fighting
Risky behaviors (bullying, threatening)
As infants, boys express a wider range of emotions than girls, but by the age of 4 to 6 years, boys are so successful at masking their emotions that their mothers are less able to identify them (Buck, 1977).Slide9
Internalizing versus Externalizing
The mental disorders that children can develop are commonly divided into two groups: disruptive or externalizing behavior disorders (e.g., attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct problems) and emotional or internalizing behavior disorders (e.g., anxiety, depression).
Girls – More Internalizing DisordersBoys – More Externalizing Disorders
(Rood et al., 2009)Slide10
Anger is Commonly Associated With
Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) (Externalizing)
Conduct Disorder (Externalizing)Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) (Externalizing)
Mood Disorders (Internalizing)
If Untreated: antisocial issues, conduct problems, academic challenges, family conflict, delinquency, substance abuse and crime
(Harrington, 2010) Slide11
Self-Report Assessment Tools for Anger
41-item Adolescent Anger Rating Scale (Burney, 2001)
29-item Aggression Questionnaire (Buss & Perry, 1992) Online version 30-item Children’s Inventory of Anger (Nelson & Finch, 2000)
54-item How I Think Questionnaire (Gibbs,
Barriga
, & Potter, 2001)
20-item Normative Beliefs About Aggression Scale (
Huseman
& Guerra, 1997),
54-item Multidimensional School Anger Inventory (Smith, Furlong, Bates, & Laughlin, 1998).
Always include other sources when using self report measure due to social desirability and response bias (
Fiendler
& Engel, 2011)Slide12
Assessing Anger in Adolescents
Psychological profile and behavioral history of the aggressive adolescent should indicate that deficiencies in arousal management, impulse control (or the ability to delay behavioral responses to aversive stimuli), and prosocial responses to interpersonal provocation exist.
Determine what has happened to this adolescent/HistoryAlso during the interview and screening consider including level of cognitive functioning, emotional maturity, group readiness, and motivation for treatment (see
Feindler
& Baker, 2004).Slide13
Anger & Diagnoses
ADHD
Anger can manifest itself in children and adolescents due to impulsivity and challenges with expressing emotions.Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
frequent and persistent pattern of anger, irritability, arguing, and defiance
Bipolar Disorder
quick to find fault in others, irritability and hostility
Conduct Disorder
bully, threaten others, confrontation and physically cruel
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
chronic irritability, severe temper outburst, angry most of the day (Seligman &
Reichenberg
, 2007)Slide14
Anger & Diagnoses
Major Depressive Disorder
Depressive symptoms are related to direct forms of reactive aggression (Fite
,
Raine
,
Stouthamer
,-
Loeber
,
Loeber
,
Pardini
, 2010).
In children and adolescents, sustained irritability is one of the diagnostic criteria for depression (American Psychiatric Association, 2000).
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
reactive aggression due to trauma reminders, irritability, mood swings, extreme emotional reactions, repeating the behaviors associated with the trauma (Seligman &
Reichenberg
, 2007)Slide15
Next Steps
Review all Assessments
Decide if there is a diagnosis & Create a Plan of Recovery
Anger Management Skills
Social Skills
Emotional Regulation Skills
Cognitive Behavioral Skills
Narrative Therapy (externalizing the problem)
Reality Therapy Slide16
Thank You!
Contact
:
Claudia Schmidt, MS, LPC
Mental Health Supervisor
Nueces County Juvenile Justice
Center
c
laudia.Schmidt@nuecesco.com
References
available upon request
.