PPT-Aldehyde, Ketone, and Carboxylic acids.

Aldehyde Ketone and Carboxylic acids Functional Groups Reactivity Functional groups play a significant role in increasing organic compound reactivity by controlling the direction of the reactions. Aldehydes. The term Aldehyde come for the words . al. cohol . dehy. drogenation. . Preparation: Oxidation of primary alcohols according to the following equation:. Note: Oxidation can be considered as removal of hydrogens. Chapter 18. Carboxylic Acids. In this chapter, we study carboxylic acids, another class of organic compounds containing the carbonyl group.. The functional group of a carboxylic acid is a . carboxyl group. Alcohols. Ethanol. Ethanol is produced from the fermentation of glucose. Glucose is often derived from the hydrolysis of more complex carbohydrates. (C. 6. H. 10. O. 5. ). n. + nH. 2. O . . nC. 6. 20-1. Carboxylic acid derivatives undergo substitution reactions via the (often acid- or base-catalyzed) addition-elimination sequence:. The relative reactivities of the substrates follow a consistent order:. 17-1. The aldehyde function takes precedence over the ketone group in nomenclature.. Simpler aldehydes often retain their common names. These are constructed by dropping the –. ic. or –. oic. . Carboxylic Acid Derivatives. Chapter 14. 1. Carboxylic acids. The . carboxyl group. consists of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups attached to the same carbon.. carb. onyl + hydr. oxyl. . = . carboxyl. An . Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution. 2. Carboxylic Acids and . Their Derivatives. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives:. Acid Halides. Acid Anhydrides. Types of anhydrides. :. Cyclic esters. Types of amides. Cyclic amides. Fourth Edition. Karen Timberlake. 16.1. Carboxylic Acids. Chapter 16. Carboxylic Acids and Ethers. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.. Lectures. A . carboxylic acid . contains a a hydroxyl group (. –. Formation of an Aldehyde. Oxidation of Primary Alcohols. General equation:. Primary alcohol aldehyde. RCH. 2. CH=O. EXAMPLE:. 1-propanol. Formation of a Ketone. Oxidation of Secondary Alcohols. The accumulation of ketone bodies may lead to a condition called ketosis, which occurs in cases of severe diabetes, diets high in fat and low in carbohydrates, alcoholism, and starvation.. A . ketone test strip indicates the level of ketone bodies in a urine sample.. Book chapter: 14. Pages: 472-511. Carbon atom of a carbonyl group is attached to a hydroxyl group forming a carboxyl group. As functional group – attached to an alkyl group or an aromatic group. IUPAC names. Lecture No.2. Aldehyde, Ketone, and carboxylic acids. List of contents:. Aldehyde, Ketone, and carboxylic acids.. The carbonyl group.. Carbonyl Compounds. . Aldehydes and Ketones.. Biological Significance of Ketone Bodies.. . Aldehyde. , Ketone, and carboxylic acids. Functional group. In . most organic compounds, atom or group of atoms arrange within a molecule to give a compound new chemical, and physical properties. . Ch. 11.4. Combustion of alcohols . Alcohols undergo complete combustion to form carbon dioxide and water.. Denatured alcohol is a useful portable fuel (e.g. for camping stoves) as, unlike LPG, it does not need to be transported in heavy, specialized containers. It is also used as a solvent..