Chapter 9 Classical Conditioning - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Chapter 9 Classical Conditioning

Introduction to Psychology

Virginia Union UniversitySlide2

Learning & Behavior

Learning

A relatively enduring or permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from previous experience with certain stimuli and responses

Behavior

Any observable responsesSlide3

Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)

Kind

of learning where a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to produce a response that was originally produced by a different

stimulus

Automatic & unconscious response/reflex

Pavlov

& his salivating

dogs

Selecting Stimulus & Response

Before conditioning: NS (bell) = NR (no salivation)

Establishing Classical Conditioning

During conditioning: NS (bell) + UCS (food) = UCR (salivating dog)

Testing for Conditioning

After conditioning:

CS

(bell) = CR (salivating dog)

Dog salivation also called a

conditioned

reflexSlide4

Classical Conditioning Examples

Aftershave & Anxiety

Before

conditioning: NS

(Aftershave)

= NR

(No Anxiety)

During

conditioning: NS

(Aftershave)

+ UCS

(Dental Procedure)

= UCR

(Anxiety)

After

conditioning:

CS

(Aftershave)

= CR

(Anxiety)

Anxiety also

called a

conditioned reflex

Needles & Fear

Before conditioning: NS

(Needle)

= NR (No

Fear)

During conditioning: NS

(Needle)

+ UCS

(Injection)

= UCR

(Fear)

After conditioning:

CS

(Needle)

= CR

(Fear)

Fear

also called a

conditioned reflexSlide5

Explaining Classical Conditioning

Stimulus Substitution

A

neutral

bond or association forms in the brain between

the

neutral

stimulus and unconditioned stimulus. After repeated trials, the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus and acts like a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus. Thereafter, the conditioned stimulus elicits a conditioned response that is similar to that of the unconditioned stimulus.

Contiguity Theory

Two stimuli are paired close together in time (are contiguous). As a result of this contiguous pairing, the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus, which elicits the conditioned response.

Cognitive Perspective

An organism learns a predictable relationship between two stimuli such that the occurrence of one stimulus predicts the occurrence of another. Classical conditioning occurs because the organism learns what to expect.Slide6

Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning (BF Skinner)

Kind of learning in which the consequences that follow some behavior increases or decreases the likelihood of that behavior’s occurrence in the future

Reinforcement & punishment

Thorndike’s Law of Effect: if some random actions are followed by a pleasurable consequence or reward, such actions are strengthened and will likely occur in the future (ex: Cat’s goal-directed behavior)

4 types

Positive Reinforcement

Negative Reinforcement

Punishment

ExtinctionSlide7

Operant Conditioning: Positive Reinforcement

Positive Reinforcement

A particular behavior is strengthened by the consequence of experiencing a

positive

condition

Positive Reinforcement Examples

A hungry rat presses a bar in its cage and receives food. The food is a positive condition for the hungry rat. The rat presses the bar again and again receives food. The rat’s behavior of pressing the bar is strengthened by the consequence of receiving food.

A student studies for a course and receives a good grade. The good grade is a positive condition for the student. The student continues to study and again receives good grades. The student’s behavior of studying is strengthened by the consequence of receiving good grades.Slide8

Operant Conditioning: Negative Reinforcement

Negative Reinforcement

A particular behavior is strengthened by the consequence of

stopping or avoiding

a negative condition

Negative Reinforcement Examples

A rat is placed in a cage and immediately receives a mild electrical shock on its feet. The shock is a negative condition for the rat. The rat presses a bar and the shock stops. The rat receives another shock, presses the bar again, and again the shock stops. The rat’s behavior of pressing the bar is strengthened by the consequence of stopping the shock.

A driver parks their car on the street and receives a parking ticket in the amount of $20. The parking ticket is a negative condition for the driver. The driver pays $1 to the parking meter and stops receiving parking tickets. The driver receives another parking ticket, pays the parking meter, and the tickets again stop. The driver’s behavior of paying the parking meter is strengthened by the consequence of preventing receiving parking tickets. Slide9

Operant Conditioning: Punishment

Punishment

A particular behavior weakened by the consequence of experiencing a negative condition

Punishment Examples

A rat presses a bar in its cage and receives a mild electrical shock on its feet. The shock is a negative condition for the rat. The rat presses the bar again and again receives a shock. The rat’s behavior of pressing the bar is weakened by the consequence of receiving a shock.

A driver speeds through a known speed trap and receives a speeding ticket. The speeding ticket is a negative condition for the driver. The driver speeds through the speed trap again and receives another speeding ticket. The driver’s behavior of speeding through the speed trap is weakened by the consequence of receiving a speeding ticket.Slide10

Operant Conditioning: Extinction

Extinction

A particular behavior is weakened by the consequence of not experiencing a positive condition or stopping a negative condition

Extinction Examples

A rat presses a bar in its cage and nothing happens. Neither a positive or a negative condition exists for the rat. The rat presses the bar again and again nothing happens. The rat’s behavior of pressing the bar is weakened by the consequence of not experiencing anything positive or stopping anything negative.

A guy uses corny pick-up lines on women and they don’t respond

“Girl, you must be from Tennessee, cause you’re the only ten I see….”

The guys uses a similar line again and again nothing happens. The guy’s behavior of using corny pick-up lines on women is weakened by the consequence of not receiving a response from women.

Slide11

Different kinds of Learning

Cognitive Learning (Albert Bandura)

A kind of learning that involves mental processes, such as attention and memory; may be learned through observation or imitation; and may not involve any external rewards or require the person to perform any observable behaviors

Learning through observation & imitation

Bandura &

Bobo

doll study

Children learned to behave aggressively after watching and imitating the aggressive behaviors of adultsSlide12

Other Conditioning Concepts

Generalization

Tendency for a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response. Usually, the more similar the new stimulus to the original conditioned stimulus, the larger will be the conditioned response.

Example: Response to aftershave generalized to shampoo

Discrimination

Occurs during classical conditioning when an organism learns to make a particular response to some stimuli and not to others

Example: Response to aftershave and not to nail polish

Extinction (previously mentioned)

Spontaneous Recovery

The tendency for the conditioned response to reappear after being extinguished even though there have been no further conditioning trials

Example: Conditioned anxiety to the smell of aftershave spontaneously returns after a run-in with the dentistSlide13

Adaptive Value & Uses

Adaptive Value

The usefulness of certain abilities or traits that have evolved in animals and humans and tend to increase their chances of survival, such as finding food, acquiring mates, and avoiding pain and injury

Examples

Taste-Aversion Learning

Associating a particular sensory cue (smell, taste, sound or sight) with getting sick and thereafter avoiding that particular sensory cue in the future

Is the smell of rotten or spoiled food appealing?

Example: getting drunk & throwing up

Preparedness

Phenomenon that animals and humans are biologically prepared to associate some combinations of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli more easily than others

Example: rats more sensitive to taste/smell taste aversion compared to light cuesSlide14

Conditioning Emotional Responses

Conditioned Emotional Response

Feeling some positive or negative emotion, such as happiness, fear, or anxiety, when experiencing a stimulus that initially accompanies a pleasant or painful event

Examples:

John Watson, Little Albert & the rat

Laugh tracks vs. scary movie instrumentalsSlide15

Cultural Diversity & Classical Conditioning

Dental care & cultural differences in dental fear

More fear in countries where dental care is not free/universal and more likely to occur when absolutely necessary and potentially where pain is involved (i.e. US & Japan) compared to countries where dental care is free/universal & routine (i.e. Scandinavian countries)

Racial differences & perceptions of police officers

Races that are more likely to be racially profiled/have negative experiences with police officials more likely to have negative/fearful perceptions of the police compared to races that are less likely to be racially profiledSlide16

Systematic Desensitization

Procedure based on classical conditioning in which a person imagines or visualizes fearful or anxiety-evoking stimuli and then immediately uses deep relaxation to overcome the anxiety . Systematic desensitization is a form of

counterconditioining

because it replaces, or counters, fear and anxiety with relaxation.

Systematic Desensitization in Action

Fear of Spiders

Develop relaxation techniques

Practice relaxation techniques while thinking about spiders

until the thought no longer produces feelings of fear

Practice relaxation techniques while viewing a picture of spiders until the pictures no longer produce feelings of fear

Practice relaxation techniques while watching a movie about spiders until the visual no longer produces feelings of fear

Practice relaxation techniques while in the room with a caged spider until the presence of a spider no longer produces feelings of fear

Etc.