Presentation on theme: "Stress, Motivation Theories, and Emotional Responses"— Presentation transcript
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Stress, Motivation Theories, and Emotional Responses
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STRESS
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STRESS:
- Holmes &
Rahe
Scales: 1967: Identified experiences for adults and non-adults that are most likely to cause physical health issues
- Types of health problems associated with stress: Cancer, heart disease, high blood pressure
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Hans
Selye’s
G
eneral
A
daptation Syndrome
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Stage 1: Alarm
-Upon encountering a stressor, body reacts with “fight-or-flight” response and sympathetic nervous system is activated.
-Hormones
such as cortisol and adrenalin released into the bloodstream to meet the threat or danger.
-The
body’s resources now mobilized.
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Stage 2: Resistance
-Parasympathetic nervous system returns many physiological functions to normal levels while body focuses resources against the stressor.
-Blood
glucose levels remain high, cortisol and adrenalin continue to circulate at elevated levels, but outward appearance of organism seems normal.
-Increase
HR, BP, breathing
-Body remains on red alert.
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Stage 3: Exhaustion
-If stressor continues beyond body’s capacity, organism exhausts resources and becomes susceptible to disease and death.
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MOTIVATION THEORIES
Why do we do the things we do?
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Theory
Psychologist & Perspective
Explanation of Behavior
Instinct Theory
Drive Reduction Theory
Arousal Theory
Incentive
Theory
Cognitive Theory
Self-Actualization Theory
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Motivation and Emotion
Motive
Specific need or desire, such as hunger, thirst, or achievement, that prompts goal-directed behavior
a need or desire that
energizes
behavior and directs it towards a goal.EmotionFeeling, such as fear, joy, or surprise, that underlies behavior
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Perspectives on Motivation
There are 6
perspectives to explain motivation
including
the following:
Instinct Theory
Drive-Reduction Theory
Arousal Theory
Incentive Theory
Cognitive Theory
Self-Actualization Theory (AKA Hierarchy
of
Motives)
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Instinct Theory
(Evolutionary Perspective)
1950’s: Instincts
are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout the species and are not
learned.
Where the woman builds different kinds of houses
the bird builds only one kind of nest.
© Ariel Skelley/ Masterfile
Tony Brandenburg/ Bruce Coleman, Inc.
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Instinct Theory
Decreased in popularity
Most important human behavior is learned
Human behavior is rarely inflexible and found throughout the species
Psychologists
during the height of this craze identified 5759 ‘instincts’Humans have reflexes but not instincts
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Drive-Reduction Theory
Bodily Needs
(Biological Perspective)
When the instinct theory of motivation failed it was replaced by the drive-reduction theory. A physiological need creates
a state of tension (
a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the
need.
Aim: Homeostasis!
Tension
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Two types of drives
Primary drive
-Unlearned drive based on a physiological state found in all animals
Motivate behavior necessary for survival
Hunger, thirst and sex
Secondary drive
-Learned drive – wealth or success
Problems
with
Drive-Reduction Theory
–
Once homeostasis is achieved we’d never do anything!– Not just balance we’re looking for in life!
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Arousal Theory
(Cognitive Perspective)
(
Arousal
in this context = Awareness/Focus/Engagement)
Human
motivation aims to seek optimum levels of arousal, not to eliminate it
. All of our actions have an
ideal
level of arousal.
-Sleep
-Performing on Stage
-Studying
-Driving
-Watching TV
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Arousal Theory
Yerkes-Dodson Law
States that there is an optimal level of arousal for best performance on any task
The more complex the task, the lower the level of arousal that can be tolerated without interfering with performance
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Yerkes-Dodson Law
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Incentive Theory
(Cognitive Perspective)
-Our behaviors are completely based on WANTS
-We are purely motivated by rewards
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Cognitive Theory
(Cognitive Perspective!)
Like the Incentive Theory, but not as simple.
Our behaviors continue/cease due to reinforcement & punishment
Intrinsic
motivation
Motivation for a behavior is the behavior itself
Children playing, for example
Extrinsic motivation
Behavior is performed in order to obtain a reward or to avoid punishment
Money earned for A’s on report card
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Self-Actualization Theory
AKA Hierarchy
of
Needs Theory
(Humanistic Perspective)
Abraham Maslow (
1970s)
suggested that certain needs have priority over others. Physiological needs like breathing, thirst, and hunger come before psychological needs such as achievement, self-esteem, and the need for recognition.
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Hierarchy
of Needs
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Hierarchy
of Needs
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Hierarchy
of Needs
